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Readings in Modern Information Technology.doc
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Java programming language

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. The language, which was designed to be platform independent, is a derivative of C++ with a simpler syntax, a more robust runtime environment and simplified memory management.

Java technology was created as a computer programming tool in a small, secret effort called "the Green Project" at Sun Microsystems in 1991.

The secret "Green Team," fully staffed at 13 people and led by James Gosling, locked themselves away in an anonymous office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, cut off all regular communications with Sun, and worked around the clock for 18 months. They were trying to anticipate and plan for the "next wave" in computing. Their initial conclusion was that at least one significant trend would be the convergence of digitally controlled consumer devices and computers.

A device-independent programming language code-named "Oak" was the result. To demonstrate how this new language could power the future of digital devices, the Green Team developed an interactive, handheld home-entertainment device controller targeted at the digital cable television industry. But the idea was too far ahead of its time, and the digital cable television industry wasn't ready for the leap forward that Java technology offered them.

As it turns out, the Internet was ready for Java technology, and just in time for its initial public introduction in 1995, the team was able to announce that the Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology.

There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:

  1. It should use the object-oriented programming methodology.

  2. It should allow the same program to be executed on multiple operating systems.

  3. It should contain built-in support for using computer networks.

  4. It should be designed to execute code from remote sources securely.

  5. It should be easy to use and borrow the good parts of older object-oriented languages like C++.

Recent history

After several years of popularity, Java's place in the browser has steadily eroded. For simple interactive animations, it has been almost completely superseded by Macromedia Flash and Shockwave. As of 2005 its use is mostly limited to more complex applications like Yahoo! Games. It has also suffered from a lack of support by Microsoft which no longer includes the Java platform with Internet Explorer or Windows.

By contrast, on the server side of the Web, Java is more popular than ever, with many websites using JavaServer Pages and other Java-based technologies. On the desktop, stand-alone Java applications remain relatively rare because of their large overhead. However, with the great advances in computer power in the last decade along with improvements in VM and compiler quality, several have gained widespread use, including the NetBeans and Eclipse Integrated development environments, and file sharing clients such as Limewire and Azureus. Java is also used in the Matlab mathematics program for rendering the user interface and for part of the calculation functionality. Java Swing desktop Now, nearing its tenth year, the Java platform has attracted over 4 million software developers, worldwide use in every major industry segment, and a presence in a wide range of devices, computers, and networks of any programming technology.

In fact, its versatility, efficiency, platform portability, and security have made it the ideal technology for network computing.

Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards -- just about everywhere. The Java programming language has been thoroughly refined, extended, tested, and proven by an active community of over four million software developers. Mature, extremely robust, and surprisingly versatile Java technology has become invaluable in allowing developers to:

  • Write software on one platform and run it on practically any other platform

  • Create programs to run within a web browser and web services

  • Develop server-side applications for online forums, stores, polls, HTML forms processing, and more

  • Combine Java technology-based applications or services to create highly customized applications or services

  • Write powerful and efficient applications for mobile phones, remote processors, low-cost consumer products, and practically any device with a digital heartbeat

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