1. Do you honour traditions and previous obligations?

2. Do you ever forget to repay a debt?

3. Are you afraid to repeat some mistakes you made once?

4. Are you conservative in your tastes and fashions? past types

5. Are you reluctant to experience the unfamiliar, or to deal with change?

6. Have you got a lot of regrets about your past?

7. Present type

   Do you think much or little about past?

8. Do you tend to plan ahead?

9. Do you take each day as it comes?

10. Can you enjoy the present moment of your life?

11. Are you able to plan a path to realistic goals?

12. Are you good or bad at setting and achieving goals,

particularly distant and long-term ones? future types

13. Can you foresee anything negative in your future?

14. Can you neglect personal or social relationships to satisfy your ambitions?

B. Read the following paragraphs describing the personality types. They are given in the mixed order. Decide the sequence.

1. High achievers at school and university are found to be almost always future-looking types, because they grasp the long-term consequences of present behaviour better than low-achieving students, and so are prepared to make the sacrifices that studying and exam success require. Complex or difficult tasks, like becoming the head of a large corporation, wooing a desirable but hard-to-get mate, or winning an award, need careful future planning. Usually a sequence of steps needs to be strategically organised, and this requires you to be so future-oriented that you are thinking several moves ahead all the time, particularly in comparison with your competition.

2. This ability to break down a distant goal into smaller steps, and to see the sequence in which they need to be undertaken, requires an aptitude to be so involved with the future that past-and present-directed types just can't compete. But the problem with the future oriented is that they are so busy always planning ahead and worrying about the impending, they never take time to enjoy the success that all the careful scheming produces.

Perhaps because they are pre-occupied with prospective consequences, they behave more responsibly and can't abandon themselves to risks or simply enjoying the moment.

3. Drug addicts, alcoholics and the overweight, in fact anyone prone to dependency or excessive appetites, have been found to suffer basically from being 'live for the moment' types. Because they are too fixed in the present and they don't consider the future enough, they never anticipate the impending consequences of their present actions. They go for the immediate pleasure of the drugs, drink or fattening food, and don't give adequate thought to the future problems created by excessive consumption.

4. Another intriguing spin-off of being a 'here and now' type is a tendency to be poor at punctuality, This is because not planning ahead, and getting too absorbed in whatever you are doing right now, leads constantly to errors about how long you need in order to get to anywhere on time. Research confirms that addiction-prone personalities have little sense of future beyond a year ahead, whereas most people have some thoughts about where they will be, or would like to be, some 6-10 years into the future. However, few people tend to give much thought beyond that kind of time horizon, unless they are excessively future-oriented

I. A future time perspective is analogous to a searchlight, which helps to illuminate the way ahead, highlighting ob­jectives not yet in the present. The stronger your personal searchlight, the farther you will tend to see into the futu­re – and the brighter and clearer objectives will appear, so you will perceive them to be nearer and more real. Consequently, future types are better able to plan future actions and to take precau­tions against future events.

II. But it's not all good news for future types. Excessively future-oriented people cannot 'waste' time relating to family and friends or enjoying personal indulgences. Such time pressure fuels high stress levels. Driven by the curse of having their ambitious goals realised by endless work, these people, successful in careers but unsuccessful in life, may need 'time therapy' to develop a broader perspective on time which allows them to integrate work and play together in their lives.

III. Indeed, the ultimate future-oriented types be­have morally and con­scientiously today be­cause they are concerned about their future even beyond death, a future life after death. The most recent research confirms a link between a religious and spiritual attitude to life – being what psy­chologists call a 'transcen­dental future' type.

A. Some people suffer from a very shortened future time perspective because they are not used to being able to influence the future, as a result of frequent failures in the past. Many psychological problems are basically down to getting stuck in the past – for example, car accident victims who are too scared to travel ever again because images and thoughts about the accident keep recurring.

B. Often, those who have faced a traumatic event so terrible that their own view of their mortality is altered become more aware of death, and as a result tend not to be so confident of a long future. This fore­shortening of their view of the future tends to lead to a refocusing more on the past, so rendering it difficult for them to move forward.

С Similarly, people filled with remorse are basically dwelling on the past. They allow a negative previous experience to completely determine their view of themselves. They do not permit themselves to see personal change as possible. Your time perspective may change as you get older. The aged tend to become more past-directed as they feel their future is getting shorter. Fears about their impending demise could lead to denial about the future, and so a preference for dwelling on the past.

C. Discuss the following.

1. Does the information given in this questionnaire correspond to your character? Give your arguments.

2. Does it give you a good description of any of your friends and relations?

3. Do you rely on similar questionnaires? What is their main aim?



Task 8. Read the following text.

A. Make up a list of unknown words which you may use in your speech.

B. While reading the text find out who is a doer and a thinker.

ARE YOU A DOER OR A THINKER?

Although there are over 4000 words in the English language, which describe different aspects of personality, psychologists have managed to narrow down the really significant ways in which people differ from each other to a tiny fraction of this number. For practical purposes, the most important thing to find out about someone – whether it's yourself or somebody else – is where they fall on the personality dimension known as introversion-extroversion, because this will affect virtually every aspect of their life.

Once you know someone's extroversion quotient, you can make a shrewd guess about what clothes they are likely to wear, how promiscuous they are, what time of day they function best, how they will be affected by drugs, what they feel about the prospect of a trip to the dentist, even whether they're more likely to have an accident at a junction or driving on the open road.

The list of ways in which introverts and extroverts differ from each other goes on almost indefinitely, but why are they so different? The answer lies in the chemistry of the brain. Scientists have found that the more introverted a person is, the more active and aroused their brain is naturally, that is regardless of what's going on around them. If you are an extreme extrovert, on the other hand, this means there is relatively little spontaneous activity in your nervous system. If we assume there is an ideal level of activity at which the human brain functions best, then it becomes obvious why introverts and extroverts behave so differently. They are trying to reach this ideal state of affairs in the brain from opposite directions.

So extroverts go in for wild parties, fast cars, and plenty of variety in their sex lives because they need all the extra stimulation they can get from the world to make up for their lack of natural internal excitement.

Introverts, on the other hand, have quite enough going on inside their skulls without artificial excitement, so they're happier at home in front of the TV than out at the disco, and risky situations or flamboyant clothes make them feel positively twitchy, because they become over aroused.

This basic physiological difference between the introvert and extrovert brain also explains why introverts are more susceptible to pain and better at hearing quiet sounds (high internal arousal magnifies all stimulation from the outside world), but less affected by alcohol and in need of a larger dose of sedatives to put them to sleep.

Knowing yourself

So are you an introvert or extrovert? Most probably neither, because no more than one person in five can be called truly introvert or extrovert. The rest fall somewhere between the two extremes. However, your position on the continuum between the two extremes has a crucial effect on how you think, feel and act, so let's see where you stand. To do this accurately, you should consult the book Know Your Own Personality by Hans Eysenck and Glenn Wilson. But you can get a rough idea by answering the following six questions.

• Do you prefer action to planning for action?

• Do you usually take the initiation in making new friends?

• Would you call yourself lively?

• Would you be miserable if you couldn't meet lots of people?

• Are you generally quick and sure in your actions?

• Are you happiest when you're involved in a project, which calls for rapid action?

You must answer yes or no. The more yeses you have given, the more extroverted you are, and the more likely it is that you have a relatively low level of spontaneous activity in your nervous system, which explains why you are such a sensation seeker and get bored so easily.

If your partner's answers to the questions turn out to be rather different from yours don't be surprised or alarmed. Research shows that where personality is concerned, like stubbornly refuses to pair off with like. Mr. Average also tends to be significantly more extroverted than Miss or Mrs. Average, but that's not to say that they can't cohabit happily. In fact, the introvert-extrovert combination makes good domestic sense once you realize that extroverts tend to be evening types, while introverts are brighter earlier on.

C. Rearrange the following tendencies under the headings: introverts and extroverts.

are talkative; are outgoing; are shy; are quiet; like being alone; like going to parties; are bored when alone; feel stress with others; feel comfortable with others; say hello first; wait till somebody says hello; have many friends; enjoy working with others; enjoy working alone; feel energetic when talking to strangers; express themselves when angry; feel stress when talking to strangers; are silent when angry; start conversations with strangers.

D. Discuss the following:

1. What are some other tendencies of introverts and extroverts?

2. Where are you situated on an introvert-extrovert line?

3. How does this affect your way of life?

4. What kind of people do you prefer to spend your time with: introverts or extroverts? Why?



Task 9. Decide your character according to a position in which you sleep.

A. According to Professor Chris Idzikowski, director of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service, the position in which a person goes to sleep provides an important clue about the kind of a person you are.

Which of the following is your favourite position in which you go to sleep? Which, do you think, is the most (and least) common position?

1. curled up

2. lying on one side with both arms down by your side

3. lying on your side with both arms out in front

4. lying on your back with both arms pinned to your sides

5. lying on your front with your hands around the pillow, and your head turned to one side

6. lying on your back with both arms up around the pillow

B. Each sleeping position presented in A has its name. Please, match the name of the position with its description. Give your arguments.

FREEFALL

LOG

SOLDIER

STARFISH

THE FOETUS

THE YEARNER

1. curled up

2. lying on one side with both arms down by your side

3. lying on your side with both arms out in front

4. lying on your back with both arms pinned to your sides

5. lying on your front with your hands around the pillow, and your head turned to one side

6. lying on your back with both arms up around the pillow

C. Here is the table with Professor Idzikowski’s findings. Do you agree with the description of yourself?

The Foetus tough on the outside but sensitive at heart

Log easy going, friendly, trusting of strangers; may be gullible

The Yearner have open nature, but can be suspicious and cynical; slow to make up their minds and stubborn

Soldier quiet and reserved; don’t like a fuss, but set themselves and others high standards

Freefall often gregarious and brash, but can be nervy and thin-skinned underneath; don't like criticism, or extreme situations.

Starfish make good friends because they are always ready to listen to others, and offer help when needed; don't like to be the centre of attention

D. A comfortable sleeping position does not guarantee a good night’s sleep. An essential accessory in bed is definitely a pillow. The article below shows that even in case of such an ordinary object, there is some room for improvement.

Read the text to find out what is unusual about the pillow invented by the Japanese. Do you think the invention could be a commercial success?

NEW TYPE OF PILLOW TALK

Source: 29 September 2004

Tired women wanting the comfort of a man to hug at night without all the related hassle now can thanks to a bloke-shaped pillow.

Innovative men in Japan have created a pillow made up of a headless torso and stuffed arm that curls around the sleeper.

Although it may sound a bit creepy, so far 1,000 people have snapped up the item, made by Kameo.

Company president Tomoki Kakehashi said: "My grandmother used to say that there is nothing more comfortable than a human. So, I thought that maybe women would want to sleep on an arm-shaped pillow."

The pillow is only on sale in Japan, where it will set people back the equivalent of Ј42.

Showing a responsiveness to customer needs, the company is working on new models. Among them are muscular pillows for sleepers who like their pillows well-built and slender models for those after a more sensitive, vulnerable partner.

And men need not feel left out, either, with Kameo working on one shaped like a woman's lap complete with skirt-like cover.

"I always thought someone's lap would the best pillow for me," said Mr Kakehashi.

Task 10. Read the top 50 greatest little pleasures in life. Choose 10 that you associate with pleasure. Be ready to discuss them.

1. A good night's sleep

2. Finding a forgotten Ј10 note in your pocket

3. Cuddling up with a partner in bed

4. Crying with laughter

5. Having a lie-in

6. Sleeping in newly laundered bedding

7. Getting a bargain

8. Making someone smile

9. Catching up with an old friend

10. Laughing at things that have happened in the past

11. Eating a Sunday roast with your family

12. Someone saying you look nice

13. Curling up on the sofa with a good book and a hot drink or soup

14. Discovering you've lost a few pounds

15. Breakfast in bed

16. Waking up thinking it's a work day and then realizing it's the weekend

17. A random person smiling at you in the street

18. Looking through old photo albums

19. Eating a takeaway

20. First snow fall of the year

21. Singing your heart out to your favourite song in car

22. Having lunch with friends

23. Listening to a baby laughing

24. Having a massage

25. Reading a book or listening to your iPod on holiday by the pool

26. Playing in snow

27. Finding a pair of jeans that fit perfectly

28. Being chatted up

29. A girly-night in

30. A pampering session at home

31. The smell of freshly cut grass

32. Sitting in the pub with your friends

33. Looking at a baby asleep in a cot

34. Waking up in a room with an amazing view

35. Clothes shopping

36. Receiving a letter from a friend

37. Fitting into an old pair of jeans again after losing some weight

38. Staying up all night getting to know someone special

39. Your mum's cooking

40. Getting dressed up for a night out

41. Watching a live band

42. Drinking a cold beer after work

43. Browsing in a secondhand book shop

44. Going to the cinema

45. Getting a new hairstyle

46. Your queue being the quickest in the supermarket

47. The cold side of the pillow

48. Watching a DVD

49. Getting tipsy

50. Popping bubble wrap



Task 11. Listen to the recording “Your personality type”.

A. While listening to the recording fill in the following table.

Speaker (name)	People’s Blood Type
	choleric	sanguine	phlegmatic	melancholic
1.
2.
3.
4.

B. Discuss the following:

1. What do you know about the peoples’ blood types?

2. What helped you guess the speaker’s personality type?

3. What is your personality type according to the type of blood?



Task 12. Listen to the recording “Life’s` greatest pleasure”.

1. Do these things make you happy? Complete this table. Tell your partner(s) what you wrote. Change partners and share what you heard.

	Pleasures	Displeasures
Computers
English
Trains
TV
Mobile phones
Restaurants

2. Which of these are best? Rank them and share your rankings with your partner(s). Change partners and share what you heard.

sleeping

catching up with old friends

reading books

popping bubble wrap

finding money in your pocket

cuddling loved ones

crying with laughter

standing in a fast-moving queue

C. Match the following synonyms from the article.

1. voted	a.	longer sleep
2 cuddling	b.	finished
3. lie-in	c.	line
4. realizing	d.	noticed
5. queue	e.	selected
6. thoughts	f.	actions
7. observed	g.	opinions
8. gestures	h.	hugging
9. splashing out	i.	understanding
10. came	J.	spending money

D. Match the halves of the phrases.

1.	a good night's	a.	with laughter
2	a survey into what gave	b.	ten spots
3.	four of the top	c.	sofa with a good book
4.	crying	d.	brighten up life
5.	your queue in	e.	on expensive presents
6.	the findings of	f.	feeling
7.	the little things that	g.	the survey
8.	You can't beat that	h.	Britons most pleasure
9.	splashing out	i.	sleep
10.	curling up on the	J.	the supermarket

E. Decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).

a. British people voted in a survey about sleeping patterns. T / F

b. The top four pleasures in a survey related to beds and sleeping. T / F

c. Crying with laughter was one of the top ten pleasures for Brits. T / F

d. British people like standing in fast-moving supermarket queues. T / F

e. A total of 3,000 people voted in the survey on life's little pleasures. T / F

f. Most of the pleasures in the survey needed money. T / F

g. The survey found people loved buying expensive presents. T / F

h. Many Brits liked drinking soup and reading a book on the sofa. T / F

F. Answer the following questions.

1. What is your greatest pleasure in life?

2. Has your greatest pleasure changed since you were a child?

3. What are the little things that brighten up your life?

4. What things do you love that don't need money?

5. Do you think people's pleasures are the same all over the world?

6. When was the last time you cried with laughter?

7. What goes through your mind when you have to wait a long time in a queue?

8. Why do people like popping bubble wrap?

9. Do you think people will find different things pleasurable in the future?

10. What's the best way to cheer you up if you have a bad day?

11. Do you like curling up on the sofa with a good book?

12. What questions would you like to ask Rob Stacey?

G. Students A strongly believe sleep is life's greatest pleasure; Students B strongly believe the opposite and that sleep is a total waste of time. Change partners again and talk about your conversations.



Task 13. Listen to the recording “Men more attracted to women in red”.

1. What features do you find attractive in a partner? Complete the table below. Give a mark from 1 (not at all important) to 10 (essential) Share what you wrote with your partner(s).

Feature	1 - 10	Why?
Looks
Body shape
Clothes
Intelligence
Money
Humor
Kindness

B. With your partner(s), discuss which colour is best for the following.

A woman’s dress A man’s suit A computer Chocolate

Nail polish A library A car A sports shirt

C. Match the following synonyms from the article.

1.	suggests	a.	rating
2	conducted	b.	impact
3.	score	c.	give
4.	provide	d.	thinking
5.	data	e.	particular
6.	fascinating	f.	argues
7.	awareness	g.	opportunity
8.	effects	h.	statistics
9.	certain	i.	carried out
10.	chance	j.	interesting

D. Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one. combination is possible):

1.	men are more physically	a.	on human relationships
2	the effects of colour	b.	love and passion
3.	men had to rate the women according to	c.	an expensive date
4.	more likely to be taken on	d.	without our awareness
5.	the colour red made no impact on the	e.	how pretty they were
6.	having an effect on our behavior	f.	wearing different colours
7.	look at the effects of	g.	attracted to a woman
8.	red is the colour of	h.	colour on human behaviour
9.	the popularity of deep	i.	scores for intelligence
10.	the chance to rate men	j.	red lipsticks

E. Decide whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

a.	Men prefer women who wear red clothes.	T / F
b.	Part of a study was for men to kiss an intelligent woman in a red dress.	T / F
c.	A study said men might spend more on a date if the woman wore red.	T / F
d.	Men said that women who wore yellow were kind.	T / F
e.	The researcher said we are very aware of how colour affects us.	T / F
f.	Few people would be surprised that red is the colour of passion.	T / F
g.	Male apes prefer female apes who wear red.	T / F
h.	Women were more attracted to men who wear different colours.	T / F

F. Answer the following questions.

• In what other ways do colours affect human relationships?

• Does colour have an effect on your behaviour?

• Do you prefer your partner to wear particular colours?

• Why is red the colour of love and passion? Why not silver or black?

• What are the colours of intelligence and kindness?

• What do you think of the conclusions of this survey?

• Will you think about this survey the next time you go on a date?

• Why are people so interested in colours?

• Do you think people should experiment more with colours in their daily lives?

• What questions would you like to ask professor Andrew Elliot?

