- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •This inability to select the right allophone betrays a foreign accent. Abstractional and Generalized aspect
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Standards in pronunciation
- •English dialects
- •Received pronunciation
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •[P, t, k] are heavily aspirated
- •[P, t, k] between vowels are accompanied by glottal stops
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •The initial (начальная) [w,k,g] may be dropped
- •The medial sounds are dropped [t,d] in a cluster of three consonants
- •The final [b] is dropped in the cluster [mb]
- •The syllabic structure of English
- •Principal theories of syllable formation and division
- •Functional characteristics of syllables
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables) Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •The linguistic and acoustic nature of word stress
- •Types and degrees of the word stress
- •Functional approach to word stress
- •Intonation
- •The concept of intonation in our country and abroad
- •Anatomy (тщательный анализ) of an English intonation group (pattern)
- •Functional approach to intonation
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Repetition
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Rhythm as a linguistic notion. The concept of rhythm
- •Sentence stress
- •Rhythm as an effective means of speech expressiveness
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Voilitional function of rhythm
- •Угол – уголь
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The syllabic structure of English
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Principal theories of syllable formation and division
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Functional characteristics of syllables
To be hyphenated
Expiration – выдох
Expiratory – выдыхательный
Utterance – высказывание
Boundary – граница
Boarder line – на границе
To coincide – совпадать
Approach – подход
Properties – свойства
Peak – вершина
Prominence – выделение
Inherent – врожденный
Sonorant – сонорный согласный
'Sonorous – звонкий
To decrease – уменьшать
The syllable is not a simple concept. It’s a complicated phenomenon, because no phoneticians have succeeded so far in giving an exhaustive explanation of what the syllable is. The problem of the syllable is still an open question in Phonetics.
The syllable as a unit is difficult to define. The difficulties seem to arise from the way different linguists treat (трактуют) this phenomenon. There exist many points of view:
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Some linguists consider the syllable to be a purely articulatory unit which lacks functional value. This point of view is defended on the grounds (на том основании) that the boundaries of the syllable denote always coincide with those of the morphemes.
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But the majority - treat it as the smallest pronounceable unit which can be reveal (раскрывать) some linguistic functions.
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The syllable is one or more speech sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a word or a subdivision of a word. It can be a part of a grammatical form. (lat-er)
Normally the syllable can be analyzed from the acoustic and the auditory, articulatory and functional points of view. It can be treated in terms of its graphic representation. Acoustically and auditory is characterized by the force of utterance (accent), pitch of the voice, sonority and length. From the auditory point of view it’s the smallest unit of perception. The articulatory energy which constitutes the syllables results from the combined action of the power, vibration, resonator and obstructer mechanisms.
Phonologically it’s regarded and defined in terms of its functional properties. In English the syllable can be phones by a “V”, by a “V” and a “C”, also by “CS”. There is a differentiation of types of syllabic structures. The peak (crest) of the syllable is formed by a “V” or a “S” (sonorant). The “C” which precede the peak and follow it are called slopes.
Russian types:
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V-type (fully open)
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CVC -type (fully closed)
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CV-type ((initially covered)
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VC-type (finally covered)
Vowels [, e, , a, , ] & [ei, ai, a, , i] constitute the peak prominence (teacher, city) [, I, ] occur as a rule in unaccented syllable.
[] never begins the syllable
[w] never terminates the syllable
[w, r, j] – the sonorant’s function as consonants because they occur only before vowels (with, yes, write…)
The patterns of syllables formed by “S” with a preceding consonant (CS-types) are similar to VC-type. Actually syllable forming sonorant in the combination of the CS-type are terminal [m,n,l]
People \Able \Taken \Written \Eagle \Fortune \Often \Listen \Season
Russian terminal “S” do not form syllables with consonants which precede them. However, in special cases they may become syllabic. (for the purpose of rhythm in poetry)
Во-пить, рубль, вихрь
The structure of the Russian syllable is characterized by more complex and numerous initial (начальные) clusters. No similar combination in English.