- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •This inability to select the right allophone betrays a foreign accent. Abstractional and Generalized aspect
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Standards in pronunciation
- •English dialects
- •Received pronunciation
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •[P, t, k] are heavily aspirated
- •[P, t, k] between vowels are accompanied by glottal stops
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •The initial (начальная) [w,k,g] may be dropped
- •The medial sounds are dropped [t,d] in a cluster of three consonants
- •The final [b] is dropped in the cluster [mb]
- •The syllabic structure of English
- •Principal theories of syllable formation and division
- •Functional characteristics of syllables
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables) Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •The linguistic and acoustic nature of word stress
- •Types and degrees of the word stress
- •Functional approach to word stress
- •Intonation
- •The concept of intonation in our country and abroad
- •Anatomy (тщательный анализ) of an English intonation group (pattern)
- •Functional approach to intonation
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Repetition
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Rhythm as a linguistic notion. The concept of rhythm
- •Sentence stress
- •Rhythm as an effective means of speech expressiveness
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Voilitional function of rhythm
- •Угол – уголь
Угол – уголь
According to this conception the phoneme is not a family of sounds because in every sound only a certain number of the articulatory features are involved into differentiation of meaning. So this function approach takes non-distinctive features from the phonemes, thus divorcing the phoneme from actually pronounced speech sounds. This view is actually shared by many linguists: Bloomfield and Jasperson.
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“The abstractional view of the phoneme” have originated by Фердинанд де Соссюр. They denied the objective reality of the phoneme and defined the phoneme as something totally abstractional. Mr. Twaddle, an American phonetician, declares a phoneme “as an abstractional, fictitious unit, a scientific fiction”. But as a matter of fact, these are only declarations, because he offers his own definition of the phoneme which is only terminologically new. (He introduces the word “microphoneme” which is equivalent to minimal distinctive feature. And “macrophoneme” which is actually equivalent to phoneme. To his understanding, macrophoneme is a sum total of microphonemes which is equivalent to Bloomfield definition of the phoneme as a branch or a bundle of distinctive features.
These theories can be qualified as idealistic, existing in the mind, but not in the reality.
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“The physical view of the phoneme” was originated by Daniel Jones, the head of the London phonological school. He defined a phoneme as a “family” of related sounds. According o Daniel Jones “a phoneme is a family of sounds in a given language, which are related in character and are used in such a way, that no member of the “family” ever occurs in a word in the same phonetic context that any other” He regards the phoneme as a mechanical total sum of it allophones, but he exaggerated in fact the material aspect of the phoneme and underestimated it’s functional and abstractional aspects. This approach seems to be vulgarly materialistic.
To sum it up, we may say, that the materialistic conception of the phoneme, first put forward by Щерба and later developed by профессор Васильев may be regarded as the most suitable for the purpose of teaching.