- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •This inability to select the right allophone betrays a foreign accent. Abstractional and Generalized aspect
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Standards in pronunciation
- •English dialects
- •Received pronunciation
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •[P, t, k] are heavily aspirated
- •[P, t, k] between vowels are accompanied by glottal stops
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •The initial (начальная) [w,k,g] may be dropped
- •The medial sounds are dropped [t,d] in a cluster of three consonants
- •The final [b] is dropped in the cluster [mb]
- •The syllabic structure of English
- •Principal theories of syllable formation and division
- •Functional characteristics of syllables
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables) Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •The linguistic and acoustic nature of word stress
- •Types and degrees of the word stress
- •Functional approach to word stress
- •Intonation
- •The concept of intonation in our country and abroad
- •Anatomy (тщательный анализ) of an English intonation group (pattern)
- •Functional approach to intonation
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Repetition
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Rhythm as a linguistic notion. The concept of rhythm
- •Sentence stress
- •Rhythm as an effective means of speech expressiveness
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Voilitional function of rhythm
- •Угол – уголь
Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
If we follow our phonetic instinct and go for two evenly balanced c-b-c variant we would prefer ['stn+di]. If we follow our grammatical instinct we would prefer ['stnd+i].
Some dictionaries can make a mark where a printed word may be hi-phonated if it appears at the end of the line, however it do not necessarily correspond to a semantic boundaries. It’s common knowledge that different languages are characterized by their syllabic structure in orthography and speech. In Russian syllables СГСГ type – boundaries after the vowel (мо-ло-ко).
Syllable division rules in English are:
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In affixal words the syllabic boundary co-insides with the morphological boundary.
dis-plays, un-able, count-less
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In words with CV-CV structure the syllabic boundary is after the accented vowel
far-mer, ci-ty
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An intervocalic consonant tends to belong to the following syllabic structure
a-bout, wri-ting
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English diphthongs are unisyllabic. They consist of one vowel phoneme. English triphthongs are disyllabic because they consist of two-vowel phonemes.
Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
As to the number of syllables in the English word it can vary from 1 to 8 (unintelligibility – 8 syllables).
Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables) Functional characteristics of a syllable
The syllable as a phonological unit performs 3 functions:
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Con΄stitutive lies in its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself (yes/ no). Syllable forms morphemes, words and even utterances. A syllable is a specific minimal structure of both segmental and supersegmental features.
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Distinctive. The syllable is characterized by its ability to differentiate words and word forms. There are lots of combinations in English distinguished by means of the difference in the place of the syllabic boundary.
A name – an aim
Ice-cream – I scream
We loan – will own
An ice house – a nice house
An ocean – a notion
My train – might rain
Sometimes the difference in syllabic division might be the basic ground for differentiating sentences.
I say her eyes – I saw her rise
I saw the meat – I saw them eat
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Indentificatory. It’s condition by the pronunciation of the speaker so the listener can understand the exact meaning of the utterance, only if he perceives (воспринимает) the correct syllabic boundaries.
My train – might rain
The gentleman with a black tie has a blacked eye.
I scream whenever I take very cold ice-cream.
At all evening parties a tall boy invited Jill to dance.
It slips my tongue – It’s lips
Keep sticking – the clock keeps ticking
One zone – One’s own
Plum pie – plump eye
Fine day – find “A”
Russian learners of English should be well-aware of the syllabic structure, because wrong syllabic division on the articulatory level leads to misunderstanding or even confusion.
Word stress