10. Сделайте письменный перевод текста.

What is Economics?

No brief description can offer clear guidance to the content and character of economics –but numerous writers have attempted just that. An especially useless, though once popular, example is: “Economics is what economists do.”

Similarly, a notable economist of the last century Alfred Marshall called economics “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”. Another notable Lionel Robbins, in the 1930s, described economics as “the science of choice among scarce means to accomplish unlimited ends." (This “definitions” has considerable currency still, though no one seems to know just what choices, if any, it might exclude from consideration.)

During much of modern history, especially in the nineteenth century, economics was called simply “the science of wealth”. Less seriously, George Bernard Shaw was credited in the early 1900s with the witticism that "“economics is the science whose practitioners, even if all were laid end to end, would not reach agreement.”

We may make better progress by comparing economics with other subjects. Like every other discipline that attempts to explain observed facts (e.g., physics, astronomy, meteorology), economics comprises a vast collection of descriptive material organized around a central core of theoretical principles. The manner in which theoretical principles are formulated and used in applications varies greatly from one science to another. Like psychology, economics draws much of its theoretical core from intuition, casual observation, and “common knowledge about human nature”. Like astronomy, economics is largely nonexperimental. Like meteorology (also largely nonexperimental), economics relatively inexact, as is weather forecasting. Like particle physics and molecular biology, economics deals with an extraordinary array of closely interrelated phenomena (as do sociology and social psychology). Like such disciplines as art, fantasy writing, mathematics, metaphysics, cosmology, and the like, economics attracts different people for different reasons: “One person’s meat is another person’s poison.” Though all disciplines differ, all are similar in one respect: all are meant to convey an interesting, persuative and intellectually satisfying story about selected aspects of experience. As Einstein once put it: “Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our senseexperience corresponded to a logically uniform system of thought.”

Вариант №2

1. Спишите, подчеркните сказуемое. Определите видовременную форму и залог глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The news will be of great interest.

2. The train leaves at 12.30.

3. I'm working now.

4. Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine at 1812.

5. Do you work at this lab?

6. That machine did complicated calculation faster than any mathematician.

7. The toys are made in Japan.

8. I won’t tell you anybody about it.

9. Have you ever been to Liberia? –Yes, I was there in May.

10. The conference will be held in May.

2. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму. К выделенным словам задайте специальные вопросы.

1. They are leaving for Moscow tomorrow.

2. I have already examined the market.

3. They discussed possible pricing yesterday.

4. The train arrives in Moscow at about 19.00.

5. He will enter the Management faculty.

3. Поставьте вместо точек модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты.

1. The buses were full, I … take a taxi.

2. What were your instructions about phoning, Bill? –I … phone him at 6.00.

3. Tom was often late and his boss told him that he … come earlier.

4. The policeman told the driver that he … drive more carefully.

5. The woman is looking ill. She … see a doctor.

4. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в соответствующую форму. Помните о согласовании времен в придаточных условия и времени.

1. If I (hear) any news, I (phone) you.

2. If she (know) English, she (try) to enter the university.

3. I (stay) at the custom –house, until they (examine) the goods.

4. The manager (ring) you up when he (come).

5. As soon as we (receive) your telegram we (instruct) our Moscow office to prepare the goods for shipment.

5. Используйте вместо прямой речи косвенную.

1. I said to him: “Please, open the door.”

2. I said to her: “Copy this letter.”

3. I said to him: “Please, don’t be angry.”

4. He said to me: “Don’t wait for me.”

5. She said to me: “Don’t be late.”

6. Спишите, подчеркните причастие II. Определите его функцию и переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. The answer received from the sellers greatly surprised us.

2. A broken cup was lying on the table.

3. Packed in strong cases the goods arrived in good condition.

4. The captain informed us of the quantity of wheat loaded in.

7. Спишите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод сложного дополнения (Complex Object).

1. I would like the Seller to supply the goods in August.

2. We watched the train leaving the station.

3. I saw Borisov buying some books a few minutes ago.

4. We want Green & Co to deliver the goods in February.

8. Переведите текст и выполните задания к нему.

Regulations of International Business

Some governments impose various regulations on business in their countries. Sometimes these regulations discourage foreign companies from entering home market. In some countries all international businesses must have local partners.

In other countries a foreign firm must have at least one native in the top management of a branch or a subsidiary.

Some governments, for example in Mexico, insist that the local partners have the controlling interest. However, big firms like IBM refuse to do business on these grounds and usually manage to find the way out.

Government regulations limit what a company may do. For example, some countries demand that the company files a plan indicating what it is going to produce, how many local workers it is going to hire and how much it will pay the workers.

This plan must also fit into the government economic master plan. If the country changes its master plan, the foreign firm must change its plans, too.

• Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами, переведите их:

• Ответьте на вопросы письменно:

1. How do the government regulations affect the foreign companies?

2. What must foreign companies have in some countries?

3. Whom must foreign companies have in their subsidiaries’ top management sometimes?

4. What does the government in Mexico insist on?

5. How do big firms react to government regulations?

6. What do some governments demand a foreign company should file?

7. What must this plan indicate?

8. What must the company’s plan fit into?

9. What happens if the government changes its master plan?