Chapter

10

Airways

Introduction					147
Jeppesen Manual (JM) - Chart Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .		. 147
JM - En Route Chart Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .		. 149
JM - SID and STAR Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	152
JM - Approach Chart Legend					153
Air Traffic Services (ATS) Routes/Standard Routes . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .		. 153
Area, Low and High Level Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .		. 159
Airways Exercise 1 (LOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	160
Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	161
Airways Exercise 2 (LOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	165
Exercise 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	166
Answers to Examples/Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	170
Answer Airways Exercise 1 (LOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .		. 175
Answers Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .	.	176
Answer Airways Exercise 2 (LOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .	. .	. . . .		. 179
Answer Airways Exercise 2					180

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	Airways		10
	Introduction
	To prepare for the examination students will need Jeppesen’s “Student Pilot Route Manual
	for Part-Flight Crew Licensing”, or an equivalent approved publication; the selected Jeppesen
	charts are NOT current and are NOT to be used for navigation. The manual contains more
	charts than are usually required for the examinations.
	For the examination students will, for example, be expected to:
	• Select routes, and decode and explain the meaning of the symbols, from en route, area,
	departure arrival and airfield charts.
	• Extract, from the above charts, tracks, distances, heights/altitudes, magnetic variation, and
	frequencies/call signs of navigation facilities etc.
	• Compute heading, ground speed and elapsed time.
		10
	• Select the correct flight level(s) for track direction(s) and obstacle clearance.		Airways
	• Complete a part of a Navigation Plan/Navigation Log.

• Identify airspace classifications and restricted areas.

• Extract Instrument Approach Minima at destination and alternate aerodromes.

You will provide the manual for the examinations; thus, during the examination you may use the legend. However, because the allotted time for answering the questions is limited, you must be familiar with the ABBREVIATIONS, CHART GLOSSARY and the most commonly used symbols from the CHART LEGENDS, all of which are included in the INTRODUCTION to the manual.

Jeppesen Manual (JM) - Chart Glossary

The glossary provides:

Unique ICAO definitions commonly used in Jeppesen publications; FAA (USA) terms are included when different from ICAO. It is recommended that these definitions, particularly the ICAO ones, are carefully studied and committed to memory. The following ICAO definitions should be noted:

AERODROME ELEVATION. The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.

ALTITUDE. The vertical distance of a level, point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level.

DECISION ALTITUDE (DA) or DECISION HEIGHT (DH). A specified altitude or height in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established. DA is referenced to mean sea level; DH is referenced to the threshold elevation.

ELEVATION. The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level.

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FLIGHT LEVEL (FL). A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum 1013.2 hPa, and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure levels.

HEIGHT. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.

MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE/HEIGHT. A specified altitude/height in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent may not be made without visual reference,

THRESHOLD. The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing

TRANSITION ALTITUDE. The altitude at or below which the vertical position of the aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes.

TRANSITION LAYER. The airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level.

TRANSITION LEVEL. The lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude.

The glossary also provides Abbreviations which relate to the information included in the manual’s charts and aviation in general. Continuous reference to the abbreviations, in conjunction with the various charts and enclosed examples and exercises, will facilitate the retention of their meanings in the student’s memory. Note the following ICAO abbreviations:

QFE. The atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation, or at runway threshold.

QNH. The altimeter subscale reading to obtain elevation when on the ground (Ref. ICAO Doc 8168-OPS/611 Vol. 1, 5th Edition 2006, Chapter 1)

QNE is the height indicated on landing at an aerodrome when the altimeter subscale is set to 1013.2 hPa.

(Ref. Handbook of Aviation Meteorology 3rd Edition, 1994, HMSO)

“When 1013.2 hPa is set on the subscale the height indicated on the pressure altimeter with the aircraft on the ground is known as the QNE value. This setting is used for some high level aerodromes where the QFE would be so low as to be outside the limits of the subscale setting. (The setting of 1013.2 hPa is sometimes referred to, incorrectly, as the QNE).” (Ref. CAP 390 ATC Training Manual section 2-Meteorology).

The Jeppesen definition of QNE is: Altimeter setting 29.92”Hg or 1013.2 hPa.

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JM - En Route Chart Legend

The legend is for use in conjunction with the enclosed charts, the majority of which use the Lambert Conformal Conic projection and are designed primarily for airway instrument navigation using cockpit instruments, radio communications and ground based radio navigation aids. It should be noted that not all symbols apply in all areas and that symbols in green are printed in green on two-colour charts; all symbols are blue on single-colour charts. Detailed examples and exercises based upon the legend and various charts are provided later in this chapter. A general discussion follows on the legend which is divided into the following classifications.

Navaid Symbols

Note the symbols for:

VOR (Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range).

Terminal VOR.

TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) or DME (Distance Measuring Equipment).

VORTAC/VORDME.

NDB (Low and Medium Frequency Non-directional Beacon).

ILS (Instrument Landing System). KRM course is a Russian localizer equivalent.

MLS (Micro-wave Landing System).

Fan Markers.

Broadcast Stations.

Navaid Identification

The shadow box is used when the navaid is associated with an airway or route. Off-airway navaids are un-boxed except that off-airway VORs are boxed on other than US and Canadian charts.

Communications

Radio frequencies for communication are printed above the Navaid name to indicate that voice communication is available through the navaid. Radio frequencies in the 120 MHz range are shown with the numbers “12” omitted, e.g. 122.2 and 122.35 are shown as 2.2 and 2.35.

Navaid/Communications Data

This section shows how a navaid’s operational status is depicted; the availability of a TWEB (continuous weather broadcast); an SABH radio beacons’ primary function is to transmit continuous automatic weather information; R = En route radar available; H + 04 & 15 (1) means that a Marine NDB begins transmission at four minutes passed the hour and at 15 minute intervals thereafter and each transmission lasts for 1 minute.

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Restricted Airspace/Restricted Airspace Designation

A knowledge of the symbols and abbreviations for the various types of restricted airspace is essential.

Airports

Memorize the symbols for civil and military airfields.

Airway and Routes and Centrelines

A knowledge of the meaning of these symbols is required. In particular note the depiction of:

Airways.

Types of reporting points.

LF bearings (to the navaid) and radials (from the navaid).

Holding patterns.

Airway Information

Note: in particular, the different designations of airways and routes and minimum clearance limits. For example:

V168. Victor (VOR airway) routes/airways are found on US and Canadian Low Level charts, which are effective up to, but not including, 18 000 ft MSL.

J71. Jet routes/airways are for high performance aircraft. They are effective at and above 18 000 ft MSL to FL450 in the US and at and above 18 000 ft MSL to unlimited in Canada.

A1. European countries use the phonetic alphabet.

Minimum En route IFR Altitude (MEA)

The lowest published altitude between radio fixes that meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes and in many countries assures acceptable navigational signal coverage. The MEA applies to the entire width of the airway, segment or route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment or route.

Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)

The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways (i.e. below 18 000 MSL), off-airway routes or route segments which meet obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and in the USA assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 NM of a VOR.

Minimum Off-route Altitude (MORA)

This is an altitude derived by Jeppesen. The MORA provides known obstacle clearance within 10 NM of the route centre line.

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Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA)

A published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment.

E means that even altitudes/flight levels, in thousands of feet, are used in the arrow’s direction and odd altitudes/flight levels in the opposite; contrary to ICAO Semi-circular rules.

O means that odd altitudes/flight levels, in thousands of feet, are used in the arrow’s direction. It is used only on one-way airways.

E and O indicates that all altitudes, even and odd, are available in the indicated direction. PPR means that Prior Permission is Required from ATC for flight in the arrow’s direction.

Airway Navaid/Reporting Point Bypass

The symbols depicting the bypassing of a navaid or reporting point should be noted.

Boundaries

Students need to be familiar with the boundary symbols.

Controlled Airspace & ICAO Airspace Classifications

Reference to the symbols in conjunction with the exercises in this chapter will enable the student to become familiar with the symbols for the above.

ICAO Airspace Classification is designated by the letters A to G:

Class A: IFR flights only are permitted; all flights are subject to ATC service and are separated from each other.

Class B: IFR and VFR flights are permitted; all flights are subject to ATC service and are separated from each other.

Class C: IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are subject to ATC service and IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights.

Class D: IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are subject to ATC service; IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights; VFR flights receive traffic information in respect to all other flights.

Class E: IFR and VFR flights are permitted; IFR flights are subject to ATC service and are separated from other IFR flights. All flights receive traffic information as far as is practicable.

Class F: IFR and VFR flights are permitted; all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight information service if requested.

Class G: IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information service if requested.

Note the depiction, with airspace classification, of Terminal Control Area (TMA), Control Area (CTA) and Control Zone (CTR).

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Orientation/Border Information & Miscellaneous

The location of airfields, navaids and reporting points, etcetera, on the charts can be readily plotted by reference to the latitude and longitude grid.

The isogonals are indicated at the edge of a chart or extended fully across the chart in a continuous dashed line.

Shorelines and large inland lakes are shown. The Border and Miscellaneous information should be noted.

The Grid Minimum Off-route Altitude (Grid MORA) values clear all terrain and man-made structures by 1000 ft in areas where the highest elevations are 5000 ft AMSL or lower. MORA values clear all terrain and man-made structures by 2000 ft in areas where the highest elevations are 5001 ft amsl or higher. When a Grid MORA is shown as “Unsurveyed ” it is due to incomplete or insufficient information. Grid MORA values followed by +/- denote doubtful accuracy, but are believed to provide sufficient reference point clearance.

High Altitude Chart Legend

This legend’s symbols are additional and are applicable to the High Altitude Charts; preceding legend symbols also apply to the charts.

Area Charts

This legend is applicable to Area Charts and is additional to the preceding legends. Students must familiarize themselves with the Area Chart symbols as questions will be posed on them in the examination. Note the symbols for:

Departure and arrival routes.

Speed Limit Point.

Man-made structures.

Depiction of communication frequencies.

Area Charts - GeneralizedTerrain Contours

Terrain information may be depicted on area charts when terrain within the area chart coverage rises more than 4000 ft above the main airport; see Madrid Area Chart. The absence of terrain contours does not imply the absence of terrain or structures. The contour information does not assure clearance above or around terrain or man-made structures. There may be higher uncharted terrain or man-made structures within the vicinity. Terrain information is useful for visual orientation and general visualization of terrain. It does not replace the minimum altitudes dictated by the airway and air route structure.

JM - SID and STAR Legend

As the examination will include questions on selected Standard Instrument and Standard Terminal Arrival charts the student must have a thorough knowledge of this legend.

The charts provide a graphical (i.e. not to scale) illustration of the governing authority’s prescribed procedures.

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