2.Части речи в английском языке

The words of the lang. depending on various formal and semantic features are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes or parts of speech (Blokh). The notion “parts of speech” was introduced in the grammatical teaching of Ancient Greece where the concept of the sentence was not yet explicitly identified in distinction to the general idea of speech, and where no strict differentiation was drawn b/w the word as a vocab. unit and the word as a functional element of the sentence. In modern linguistics P of S are identified on the basis of 3 criteria: 1) semantic – evaluating or generalized meaning which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given P of S; 2) formal – exposition of the specific inflectional and derivational (word building) features of all the lexemic subsets of a P of S; 3) functional – syntactic role of words in the sent. typical of a P of S. These 3 factors of categorical characterization of words are referred to as meaning, form and function. Khlebnikov states that P of S are lexico-gramm. word-classes characterized by a general abstract gram. meaning expressed in a certain gram. context. P of S are isolated groups. They are interconnected. Most numerous are Vs and Ns. Accord. to classical system of division (Blokh): notional (93%) and functional. Notional – autonomous words possessing independent notional meaning (N, V, Adv, Adj, Num, Pron). Functional do not have a full sense and present the function of linkage on the syntagmatic level (Art, Prep, Conj, Modal V, interj.). But there are several problems concerning this division. E.g. Article ([0]:[the, a]). Diff. points of view: 1) have their own meaning > a separate P of S or not. 2) they present distributional characteristics. Ilyish doesn’t incl. them into the sys. P of S. He states that it is a part of a morpheme in a distant use with the modified N. Bakhudarov > it is an auxil. word. The combinat. of an art. with a N is an analytical word form. But most scholars insist on considering the Art. as a funct. P of S. The traditional sys. of P of S. has its advan-s. (the main classes are identified) and disadvan. That is why there have been many attempts made to revise it. 1 of the best know alternatives is the classif. of words by Fries which is based on the study of their combinability by means of substitution testing. He tested by means of substit. ~ 250000 word entries. All the words can fill the position in the frame without affect. their general meaning. The result of this subst. was the identific of 4 positional classes of words: Class 1 – N, 2-V, 3-Adj, 4-determiner. The whole notional set is represented by the four stage derivational paradigm of nomination. The general order of classes in series evidently corresponds to the logic of mental perception of reality, by which a person discriminates, first, objects and their actions, then the properties of the former and the latter (power>to empower>powerfull>powerfully). It can be complete or incomplete in the sense that some words may even stand apart from the paradigm (some adverbs) These classes are identical to the traditional sys of P of S. As to the other words, he identified 15 groups of functional words arranged into 3 sets: 1-determiners of Ns, art., demonstr and posses pronouns, modal Vs as specifiers of notional Vs; functional modifiers and intesif-s of adj and adv; 2-words used as interpositional elements (prepos., conj); 3-words referring to the sentence as a whole (question words (what, how), inducement words (let’s, please), attention-getting (inerjections), of affirmation and negation (yes, no), sentence introducers (it, there)). The essence of their paradigmatic status consists in the fact that the list of functional words may be regarded as paradigmatic series themselves – which, in their turn, are grammatical constituents of higher paradigmatic series at the level of phrases and especially sentences These 2 classif. do not contradict each other. They compliment each other. We have the same scheme-opposit. of notional and funct. words.