7. Mood

Vinogradov: "Mood expresses the relation of the action to reality, as stated by the speaker

Bloch: mood expresses a character of connection b/w the process denoted by the v and actual reality presenting it as a fact that reality happened, happens or will happen; or threaten it as an imaginary phenomenon that is a subj of hypothesis, speculation or desire.

Indicative mood:there is a speaker who represents the action as a result + hypothetic meaning attached to clauses, introduced by “if” is no objection to the meming of the ind as a verbal category (meaning of the verb form as such remains what it was).The imperative mood in English is represented by one form only without any suffix or ending.. It has no person, number, tense, or aspect distinctions, and, it is limited in its use to one type of sentence only - imperative sentences.

Absence of a straightforward mutual relation between meaning and form. – they should be combined.

Choice between polysemy and homonymy: He lived here five years ago vs. If he lived here he would come at once, от.(Meaning changed according to the syntactic context- temporal meaning ("future-in-the-past") and a modal meaning, or are they homonyms. The problem is very hard to solve.

What verbs are auxiliaries of mood? Come closer that I may hear what you say: Is the group may hear some mood form of the verb hear, or is it a free combination of two verbs, thus belonging entirely to the field of syntax, not morphology? May you be happy! where it is part of a group used to express a wish, and is perhaps a mood auxiliary. No universal solution. Owing to the difference of approach to moods, two extremes — 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative), put forward by many grammarians, and 16 moods, as proposed by M. Deutschbein. Prof. A. Smirnitsky: 6 moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, and conditional), and who was followed in this respect by M. Ganshina and N. Vasilevskaya. Meanings of the mood forms: Consequence of unreal condition ( should come (1st p), would come (2nd and 3rd p); Unreal condition (same as past or past parf); Possibility (no end, no aux, should, may come), Inducement (no end, no aux, without subj, 2nd p) – 4 or 3 moods, or 2 (3 taken together)

Means of Expression: come (!) (no end, no aux, and without subj); (he) come (no end in any person, no aux); came, had come should come (for all persons); should come (1st p); would come (2nd and 3rd p ); may come (?). Mean: Inducement, Possibility, Unreal condition, Unlikely condition, Matter for assessment, Consequence of unreal condition, wish or purpose – 6 moods. "should + infinitive" may be used to denote a real fact which, however, is not stated as such but mentioned as something to be assessed.

Modal words have been variously classified into groups according to their meaning: those expressing certainty, doubt, , etc. The number of types varies greatly with different authors. All modal words express some kind of attitude of the speaker concerning the reality of the action expressed in the sentence. In the vast majority of cases the modal word indicates the speaker's attitude towards the whole thought expressed in the sentence, though may refer to some one word or phrase only. The use of modal words depends to a great extent on the type of the sentence. The problem of modal words is connected with problem of modality as a whole (there may be several layers of modality in a sentence).