- •Contents
- •The infinitive
- •1. The forms and categories of the Infinitive. The use of ‘to’-Infinitive and the Bare Infinitive. ‘To’ without the Infinitive.
- •Exercises
- •2. The Infinitive in the function of the Subject
- •Exercises
- •3. The Infinitive in the function of Part of the Predicate
- •Exercises
- •4. The Infinitive in the function of Object
- •Exercises
- •5. The Infinitive in the function of Attribute
- •Exercises
- •6. The Infinitive in the function of Adverbial Modifier and Parenthesis
- •Exercises
- •Of purpose:
- •Of consequence:
- •7. The Complex Object, the For-Complex and the Complex Subject
- •The Complex Object
- •The Complex Subject
- •Exercises
- •Revision of the Infinitive
- •I meant to call
- •Test yourself Test on the Infinitive
- •State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive.
- •Find and correct an error.
- •Translate into English.
- •(Keys, p.125) the gerund
- •8. The forms and categories of the Gerund.
- •Exercises
- •9. The Gerund in the functions of Subject, Predicative, Part of Compound Verbal Predicate.
- •Exercises
- •Translate into English:
- •10. The Gerund in the function of Object.
- •Exercises
- •Direct Object:
- •Prepositional Object:
- •11. The Gerund in the function of Attribute
- •Exercises
- •12. The Gerund in the function of Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercises
- •The alternative use of the Infinitive and the Gerund. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •13. The choice between the Gerund and the Infinitive after some Verbs.
- •Exercises
- •14. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun compared.
- •Exercise
- •Revision of the Gerund
- •The Titanic
- •Test yourself Test on the Gerund
- •I. Define the function of underlined gerunds.
- •II. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition and a verb form to express the ideas in brackets. Make all necessary changes.
- •III. Find and correct errors.
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •V. Read the news items below and complete what you might say using the gerunds:
- •(Keys, p.126) the participles
- •15. The forms and categories of the Participles
- •Exercises
- •16. Participles in the functions of Attribute, Predicative, and Parenthesis.
- •17. Participles in the Functions of Adverbial Modifier.
- •Exercises
- •Attribute:
- •Predicative:
- •Adverbial modifier:
- •Parenthesis:
- •18. Participle I and the Gerund compared.
- •Exercises
- •19. Complex Object with the Participles
- •20. Complex Subject with the Participles
- •21. Absolute Participial Constructions
- •Exercises
- •Revision of the Participles
- •Test yourself Test on Participles
- •I State the functions of the Participles:
- •II Paraphrase the sentences using Participial constructions (where possible):
- •III Translate into English. Mind the use of Participles:
- •IV Translate into Russian:
- •(Keys, p.127) Revision of the Verbals
- •I. State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •II. Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive.
- •III. Find and correct an error.
- •IV. Translate into English.
- •I. Define the function of underlined gerunds.
- •II. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition and a verb form to express the ideas in brackets.
- •III. Find and correct errors.
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •I State the functions of the Participles:
- •II Paraphrase the sentences using Participial constructions (where possible):
- •III Translate into English:
- •IV Translate into Russian:
Exercises
Ex.1. USE not+PI or without+GER instead of the indicated verbs. MIND the form of the verbal.
1. Marius went away (say) where he was going. 2. “How could I go out of the room (say) anything to her?” 3. “Oh, what nonsense!” Anna went on, (see) her husband. 4. She gazed at him, (not take) her eyes off him, and smiling and holding her breath. 5. He died (utter) a sound, (move) a limb, (twitch) a muscle. 6. (know) how to get to the station, I had to ask for direction several times. 7. “I still can’t understand what you are afraid of,” said Prince Andrew slowly, (take) his eyes off his wife. 8. When you have mastered the action you are able to do these things (think) of them. 9. (moving) the table and the wall units you won’t find the proper place for the sofa. 10. The girl wouldn’t go to bed (say) ‘good-night’ to her father. 11. At last the coach arrived; and it arrived (making) the slightest noise, for its wheels were bound round with tow and rags. 12. She would meet Jurgis and Ona in the evening, and the three would walk home together, often (say) a word. 13. Still groping for the revolver, he stretched out to the other side, and (be) strong enough to keep his balance, fell over, streaming with blood. 14. Beneath his coat, his shirt showed almost black with dirt, (change) for months. 15. I looked around for his birds, and (see) them, asked him where they were. 16. Perhaps, however, (see) me, and forgetting I was ahead, they may have gone back in search of me. 17. He found some dry moss, and by striking together two pebbles he obtained some sparks, but the moss, (be) inflammable enough, did not take fire. 18. “I don’t take your meaning, sir,” he answered, (have) words at command to express the mingled feelings with which he had heard Mr. Cass’s words. 19. “(see) you for four or five years, I believed you to be dead.”
Ex.2. POINT OUT Participle I, Gerund or Verbal Noun, stating their syntactic functions.
1. a) This hi-tech equipment is designed for recording low-frequency sounds produced by whales and other marine animals. b) The recording was made live. c) Recording engineers were top professionals from one of the Sony studios. d) While recording the soundtrack we altered its original version.
2. a) She showed a genuine interest in finding out more about people who needed her help. b) Her findings on prehistoric man were valuable for our project. c) Finding no one in the house was quite puzzling. d) Finding no one in the office, I decided to call the sheriff by radio.
3. a) She advised people seeking help in law areas concerning medical insurance. b) The rest of them carried their belongings in paper sacks. c) It’s no use talking! It’s not amusing. You go your way and I mine. d) We requested assistance in obtaining a visa to Paraguay.
4. a) We expected the waiting not to be very long. b) Waiting for the results to be announced, we felt somewhat nervous. c) Waiting for people or transport is exhausting. d) In the hotel lobby there were reporters waiting for the musicians to appear.
5. a) There was much reading and commenting on the stories during the classes. b) Reading rooms of this library contain reference books and encyclopedias some of which are three hundred years old. c) While reading the magazine I looked for car rentals ads. d) On the bench, reading a magazine, sat a man who seemed to be there all morning – he had a breakfast basket and a half-empty beer bottle near his seat.
6. a) The dancing hall admits two hundred dancers. b) Personal expression is the foundation of all dancing. c) The dancing couple moved fast, but very gracefully. d) The student audience cheered enthusiastically the girl dancing in the circle. e) The jury had a problem choosing the winners, as the dancing of all participants was outstanding.
Module 10. Predicative constructions with the Participles |
Principal ideas:
Participial predicative constructions are formed of the PART and the nominal element preceding it. The relations between nominal element (expressed by the N, Pron. or N Phrase) and the participle are predicative – like those between the Subj. and the Pred. of the finite clause. There are two types of predicative constructions with PI and PII – Objective Participial Construction (Complex Object) and Absolute Nominative Participial Construction. The predicative constructions with PARTs function as syntactic complexes.