The Functions of the Gerund in the Sentence

Function	English sentence	Russian sentence
Subject (The gerund used as a subject may follow the predicate; in these cases the sentence opens with the introductory it or with the construction there is)	Taking on new staff can be disruptive to existing employees. disruptive -разрушительный, опустошительный
	There is very little value or benefit in training people only to then frustrate them through a failure to provide ample career and development opportunities. frustrate - разочаровывать; обманывать (надежды, ожидания) ample – достаточный; обильный
Predicative	The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed. (Collins)
Part of a compound verbal predicate - with verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate; - with verbs denoting the beginning , the duration, or the end of an action, the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate	Joseph could not help admiring the man. (Heym) She began sobbing and weeping. (Dickens)
Object	Avoid dominating the group yourself.
Attribute (In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition)	He was born with the gift of winning hearts. (Gaskell)
Adverbial modifier	of time: Upon waking I found myself much recovered. (Swift)
	of manner: HRM aims to increase organizational effectiveness and capability – the capacity of an organization to achieve its goals by making the best use of the resources available to it. HRM (Human Resource Management) - управление персоналом capability - потенциал, возможность
	of attendant circumstances: An operating lease is defined as a lease contract that allows the use of an asset, without conveying rights of ownership. operating lease - операционная [текущая] аренда lease contract - арендный подряд assets - актив(ы) convey - передавать
	of purpose: … one side of the gallery was used for dancing. (Eliot) (In this function the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for.)
	of condition: He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. (Shaw) (In this function the gerund is preceded by the preposition without.)
	of cause: I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself. (Coppard) (In this function the gerund is used with the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to.)
	of concession: In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her. (In this function the gerund is preceded by the preposition in spite of)