9. Verbs with prepositions:

9.1 At the end of the sentence:

Someone broke into our house.

Our house was broken into.

9.2 By and with

With is used after participles such as filled, packed, crowded, crammed.

The train was packed with commuters.

The difference between by and with may involve the presence of a person:

Dave was hit by a branch. (an accident)

Dave was hit with a branch. (a person hit him with one)

9.3 Make is followed by to when used in the passive.

My boss made me work hard.

I was made to work hard by my boss.

9.4 Cover and verbs which involve similar ideas, such as surround, decorate can use with or by. Cover can also be followed by in.

II. Прямая и косвенная речь. - Direct and Reported Speech.

1. Direct and Reported Speech

We use direct speech to quote people's exact words. We use inverted commas (" ") in direct speech.

"I come from Ireland," Fiona said.

We use reported speech to report the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use inverted commas in reported speech.

Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns change according to the meaning of the sentence.

Fiona said that she comes from Ireland.

We can report someone's words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting).

2. Say • Tell • Ask

2.1 Say can be used both in direct and reported speech. It is used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal object, it is always followed by the preposition to (said to me). In reported speech, say is not followed by an object pronoun, but it can be followed by that.

She said, "I'm happy.”

She said to me, "I'm happy.”

She said (that) she was happy.

2.2 Tell can be used both in direct and reported speech. It is always followed by a personal object (told me).

She told me, "I'm happy."

She told me (that) she was happy.

2.3 Ask is used in reported questions and requests. It is also used in direct questions.

"Where is Tom?" he asked me. He asked me where Tom was.

"Will you do me a favour?" Mary said to me.

Mary asked me to do her a favour.

3. Expressions with say, tell and ask.

SAY: good morning/afternoon, something/nothing, a prayer, so, a few words

TELL: the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, a joke, the time, the difference, sb one's name, sb the way, one from another, one's fortune, sb so

ASK: a favour, the time, a question, the price

4. Reported Statements

Verb tenses and time expressions change in reported speech:

4.1 When the introductory verb is in a past tense.

"I'm buying a new car next month, " he said.

He said that he was buying a new car the following month.

4.2 In out-of-date reporting.

(Wednesday 11 May) Tim said, "I have caught a cold."

(Sunday 15 May) Tim said that he had caught a cold.

4.3 When we consider what the speaker says to be untrue.

"Peter and I are business partners, " Jill said to me.

Jill said that she and Peter were business partners, (but Peter had never met her.)

5. Tenses do not change in reported speech when:

5.1 the introductory verb is in the present simple, future or present perfect.

"I live in Tokyo, " he says. He says (that) he lives in Tokyo.

5.2 the speaker reports something a short time after it was said

"There is plenty of food in the fridge, " Mum said,

Mum said (that) there is plenty of food in the fridge.

5.3 the reported sentence deals with type 2 or type 3 conditionals.

"If I had the money, I would travel abroad, " Kelly said.

Kelly said (that) if she had the money, she would travel abroad.

5.4 Tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech when the speaker reports a general truth, a law of nature or a permanent state.

"The sun sets in the west, " the teacher said.

The teacher said (that) the sun sets/set in the west

6. The tenses change as follows:

	Direct speech	Reported speech
present simple - past simple	"I play the guitar quite well."	He said (that) he played the guitar quite well.
present continuous - past continuous	"I am learning French."	He said (that) he was learning French.
present perfect - past perfect	"I have already watered the flowers."	He said (that) he had already watered the flowers.
past simple - past simple or past perfect	"I won the chess tournament."	He said (that) he (had) won the chess tournament.
past continuous - past continuous or past perfect continuous	"I was writing a letter at five o'clock."	He said (that) he was writing/had been writing a letter at five o'clock.
future (will) - conditional (would)	"I will do the shopping."	He said (that) he would do the shopping.
• The past perfect and past perfect continuous remain the same.

7. Some words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence:

now - then, at the time, immediately come - go

tomorrow - the next/following day here – there

two days ago - two days before this week - that week

today, tonight - that day, that night

yesterday - the day before, the previous day

last month - the month before, the previous month

next month - the month after, the following month