1. Магатэ: создание, структура. Магатэ и нераспространение ядерного оружия.

Internarional organizations – Org.established by treaty or other instrument (resolution, joint unilateral act) governed by international law possessing own international legal personality (autonomous organs acting on majority basis) composed of States (predominantly), other IO’s (entities)

History:

first created in XIX century were created as a means conducting international relations and fostering cooperation

evolved from ad hoc multilateral conferences (Congress of Vienna 1815) into institutions with organs on a permanent basis early IO dealt with technical, non-political matters (Commissions regu­lating rivers, Telegraphic and Postal Unions) League of Nations(forerunner of the UN) – first IO to deal with political relations, which aspired to universal membership

Role in international affairs: development of international law specifically

Within diverse fields of operation (endeavour): political cooperation, protection of the environment, defense, humanitarian and development assistance, promotion of trade, etc.

IO perform functions:

Provide forum for deliberating upon matters of common interests, develop rules on these matters Act as vehicles for taking action on international problems resolution of international disputes promoting, monitoring, supervising State compliance with agreed rules and policies

Types:

intergovernmental (predomin­antly States): UN, WTO

non-governmental (private entities, though operate in more than 1 country): Amnesty International, Greenpeace

membership: universal(UN)/closed(geographic, economic criteria OPEC)

functions: broad areas/particular fields

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):

world's center of cooperation in the nuclear field set up in 1957 within the UN family as the world's "Atoms for Peace" organization its mission - promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies guided by interests and needs of Member States, strategic plans and vision embodied in Statute(закон) areas of work: Safety and Security; Science and Technology; Safeguards and Verification(контроль) not under direct control of any UN body reports to GA and SC main bodies: Board of Governors, General Conference, Secretariat

Structure

The Board of Governors policy making body makes recommendations to the General Conference on IAEA activities and budget responsible for publishing IAEA standards appoints the Director General subject to General Conference approval The General Conference (GC) lesser policy making body forum for debate on current issues and policies

2. Основные этапы коммерческой операции. Документы, используемые в международных торговых операциях.

Business documentation

Тrading documents are headed with name оf organization and differ in style.

1)Buyer -> Seller - Letter of enquiry

• sent to several suppliers before goods are ordered

• requires information before deciding who to buy from

(prices, sреcificаtiоns, catalogues/price lists, delivery dates, discounts, details оf carriage)

2) Seller -> Buyer sends Quotation, price list and catalogue The purchasing officer will receive several quotations + information from potential suppliers.

3)Buyer -> seller, sends an order (+dеtails such as prices and delivery)

Upon receipt of the official order the seller will check the details on it. Acknowledgement of order is sent to indicate that the de­tails on the order can be met.

4)Seller -> buyer:

• advice note (note to buyer with details of goods that they are being sent)

• delivery note (document confirming that goods have been delivered)

• invoice (document with details of goods, price, payment date)

if invoce is amended:

• credit note (sent to customer who is owed moneу, because goods have been returned)

• debit note (sent to customer who owes moneу to seller, because invoice was inсоrrеct)

- statement of account sent regularly to buyer listing аll invoices, debit/credit notes, amounts of payments made and total to be paid

From buyer to seller:

• cheque

The Bill of Lading

• a transfer document, most important one in shipping

• The exporter writes the importer's name on the bill of lading -it is a document of title - gives ownership of the goods to the person named on it.

• the words "to order" written on it /under the heading "consignee"/ - means that it is a negotiable document, can be traded. In this case it will be endorsed on the back and if the endorsement is blank there will be no restrictions on ownership. Bills are also marked "clean" to indicate that the goods were taken in good condition or "dirty/claused" if the packing or the goods were damaged. This protects the shipping company from claims.

The Bill of Exchange

• Drawn by the exporter and is given to his local bank together with other shipping documents

• This is sent to the importer who pays for the consignment and receives the shipping documents

• The importer may now collect the goods when they arrive

• Document against Payment: importers pays at sight

Document against Acceptance: payment delayed. The importer writes “accepted” on the BoE and sends it back to the exporter’s bank and pays later.

Билет 16

1. Безопасность (Safety and Security) использования ядерного топлива.

Safety and security of the use of nuclear fuel

Safety culture – attitude among staff towards safety

Safeguards – international accounting and verification system designed to ensure that fissile material is only used for peaceful purposes.

ALARA – reduce doses as low as reasonably possible

ALARP – reduce accidents to as low as reasonably practicable

Security – freedom from illegal acts such as terrorism

Safety – freedom from radiological and non-radiological accidents.

Weakness of the NPT:

- the state can decide that it’s not in his interest to inform you and it may not do so then you’ll never know what’s happening.

- you have to develop your own ability to observe non-intrusively its territory.(satellites with sensors).

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The IAEA is involved by helping nations to develop nuclear energy for peaceful use. It also has responsibility under the NPT for ensuring that nuclear material is not diverted into weapons. To that end it carries out regular inspections of civil nuclear facilities. The NPT is complemented by international controls on the export of technology which could be used for developing nuclear weapons.

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The Additional Protocol singed in 1997 which allows inspectors of AIEA more power to detect undeclared activities. Inspectors can visit any suspect location in a country without giving more than two hours notice. The Additional protocol is a major step forward in preventing the proliferation.

+The UN Environment Programme also deals with the safeguards of nuclear materials.

Chernobyl.

The international scale of accidents/incidents.

Safety nuclear material is when transported:

Canister – small container for vitrified HLW

Cask – packaging for carrying or storing highly radioactive material.

Packaging – hardware into which radioactive contents is inserted

Package – packaging plus its contents

Overpack – an extra covering around the packaging