1. Право международных организаций: понятие, виды, привилегии и иммунитеты, роль в современном обществе.

Internarional organizations –

- Org.established by treaty or other instrument (resolution, joint unilateral act) governed by international law

- possessing own international legal personality (autonomous organs acting on majority basis)

- composed of States (predominantly), other IO’s (entities)

Role in international affairs:

- development of international law specifically

- Within diverse fields of operation (endeavour): political cooperation, protection of the environment, defense, humanitarian and development assistance, promotion of trade, etc.

IO perform functions:

- Provide forum for deliberating upon matters of common interests, develop rules on these matters

- Act as vehicles for taking action on international problems

- resolution of international disputes

- promoting, monitoring, supervising State compliance with agreed rules and policies

Types:

- intergovernmental (predomin¬antly States): UN, WTO

- non-governmental (private entities, though operate in more than 1 country): Amnesty International, Greenpeace

- membership: universal(UN)/closed(geographic, economic criteria OPEC)

- functions: broad areas/particular fields

2. Государственные ценные бумаги, акции частных компаний. Фондовая биржа.

Investment opportunities

Reasons to buy shares and stocks:

(1) steady income from dividends

(2) long-term capital growth

Government stock or bonds (gilt-edge securities or gilts) – loans to the Government, can be bought at Post Office or through bank or Stock Exchange.

- fixed rate of interest

- repaid after a number of years(dated or undated)

- absoltitely safe (backed by the Goverment)

- no protection against inflation

Local authority bonds – city, town and country councils can issue bonds (borrow money) when they need more income (sold on Stock Exchange or directly to public through Local authority’s finance department)

- secure

- fixed rate of interest

- repayable after a number of years

- usually for а shorter period then Gilts

- slightly higher interest rate

Cоmpаnу shares сan bе bought:

(а) when а firm starts trading оr issues more shares оr

(b) when other investors аге selling their shares

Билет 9

1. Организация Объединенных Наций: создание, устав, цели и принципы.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - a military alliance, that was founded in April 1949.

- Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.

- Members: 28: roughly bordering the north Atlantic Ocean - Canada, U.S., Turkey and most members of the European Union.

What Is the History of NATO?:

- Thoughts of such alliance began after the WWII.

- The forerunner of the NATO agreement was the Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom. It was designed to defend member nations of Western Europe against the large number of troops in pro-communist countries. Those were later known as the Warsaw Pact countries and included the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

- Participation of the United States was thought necessary in order to counter the military power of the USSR, and therefore talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately.

- talks resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949.

- It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. It was ratified in 1949 August 24, the instruments of ratification were deposited with the government of the USA.

- During the Cold War, the primary mission of NATO shifted to prevent nuclear war.

- After the USSR dissolved in the late 1980's, NATO's relationship with Russia shifted again. In 1997, the NATO-Russia Founding Act was signed to build bilateral cooperation. In 2002, the NATO-Russia Council was formed to discuss ongoing security issues. At issue is U.S. missile shields in Europe. Russia argues they are designed to defend against potential Russian attempts to regain its former Warsaw Pact countries. The U.S. counters they are to intercept potential missiles from.