7. Adequacy in translation

Adequate translation, into V. Komysarova's idea, translation which provides pragmatically problems of the translational certificate on greatest possible for achievement of this purpose equal equivalence refers to, not supposing infringement of norms of the use of words and their forms which was fixed in language of translation, adhering to tasks – stylistic requirements to texts of the given type and answering socially – the recognized conventional norm of translation. V. Komysarov's equivalent translation names translation which recreates the contents of the speaking another language original on one levels of equivalence. By definition any adequate translation, counts V. Komysarov, should be equivalent (on this or that equal equivalence), but not any equivalent translation admits adequate, and what answers, except for norm of equivalence, and to other normative requirements which have been mentioned above.

The information conveyed by linguistic signs alone, i.e. the meaning overtly expressed in text, would not be sufficient for adequate translation. Some linguists distinguish between what they call translation, based solely on the meanings expressed by linguistic signs and interpretation, involving recourse to extralinguistic information. In fact, the two are very closely intertwined, and in most cases effective translation is impossible without adequate knowledge of the speech-act situation and the situation described in the text( two on the aisle – два места ближе к проходу) - would hardly make much sense unless it is known that the conversation takes place at a box-office(speech-act situation). The translation of technical and scientific text requires a certain amount of technical and scientific knowledge. A successful translator is always a bit of an ethnographer, historian, politician.

A good example could be brought from C. P. Snow's novel "Time of Hope" "Gaping at some dirty tea leaves, reading the cards and looking at each other's silly hands and..." - let the sentence have been translated word-to-word in any other language - the language community of which is totally unaware that in Britain clairvoyance experience admits fortunetelling on tea leaves, - it would have lost sense.

There are also word-realias that are not translatable and as V. S. Vinogradov points out, many of them turn into borrowings. Such a word-realia may be an exotism, which in general, is transcribed in translation.

Misrepresentation and ambivalency in the TL text arise due to the selection of semantically inadequate lexical unit for the pragmatic meaning of the SL lexical unit.

8. Ways of achieving adequacy in translation

Adequate translation, into V. Komisarov's idea, translation which provides pragmatically problems of the translational certificate on greatest possible for achievement of this purpose equal equivalence refers to, not supposing infringement of norms of the use of words and their forms which was fixed in language of translation, adhering to tasks – stylistic requirements to texts of the given type and answering socially – the recognized conventional norm of translation.

The information conveyed by linguistic signs alone, i.e. the meaning overtly expressed in text, would not be sufficient for adequate translation. Some linguists distinguish between what they call translation, based solely on the meanings expressed by linguistic signs and interpretation, involving recourse to extralinguistic information. In fact, the two are very closely intertwined, and in most cases effective translation is impossible without adequate knowledge of the speech-act situation and the situation described in the text( two on the aisle – два места ближе к проходу)- would hardly make much sense unless it is known that the conversation takes place at a box-office(speech-act situation). The translation of technical and scientific text requires a certain amount of technical and scientific knowledge. A successful translator is always a bit of an ethnographer, historian, politician.

Both semantic and pragmatic inadequacies are flaws which can pose a recipient reader to the problem or cultural misunderstanding and adequate comprehension of the TL text.

A good example could be brought from C. P. Snow's novel "Time of Hope" "Gaping at some dirty tea leaves, reading the cards and looking at each other's silly hands and..." - let the sentence have been translated word-to-word in any other language - the language community of which is totally unaware that in Britain clairvoyance experience admits fortunetelling on tea leaves, - it would have lost sense.

There are also word-realias that are not translatable and as V. S. Vinogradov points out, many of them turn into borrowings. Such a word-realia may be an exotism, which in general, is transcribed in translation.

Realias, which are markers of solidarity and bear national colouring should be transcribed or transliterated, but supplied with comments in the footnotes.

Realias which are markers of either solidarity or distance in the language community other than of the SL text native reader and are represented in the SL text as foreignisms, should be transcribed or transliterated, but be also supplied with comments in the footnotes to the TL reader.

Misrepresentation and ambivalency in the TL text arise due to the selection of semantically inadequate lexical unit for the pragmatic meaning of the SL lexical unit.