13. Формы и организации бизнеса. Политика открытых дверей.

Organizational structure can be divided into many areas of Management. The most common areas: finance, marketing, human resources and administration.

Besides, according to the purpose organization may include other areas such as research and development, risk-management.

In business organizational structure means the relationship between positions and people who holds them. Organizational structure is very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as system of communication.

Historically line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is vertical relationships between the position and tasks of each level. And the positions and tasks above and below each level.

There are 4 types of organization structure: functional structure, geographic structure, matrix structure, organizations along product lines.

Business organization. The Open Door Policy.

Organisation can be centralized and decentralized. When an organization is centralized, a limited amount of authority is delegated. If it is decentralized a greater degree of authority is given to staff. In centralized company the Head Office may make most of decisions concerning (recruitment,the purchase of equipment and product lines, advertising, promotion, research and development)

In a decentralized company, the division will have wider responsibilities and authority. In decentralized organizations more important decisions can be made at lower levels. There is no so much control from Head Office.

Open door policy was started by IBM’s founder and first Chairman T.J. Watson about fifty years ago. Watson had close contact with staff. They brought their problems to him. Watson told his staff that they should go first to their plant or branch manager if they felt they were unfairly treated. But if they were still not satisfied, they should come to him.

Watson had become a trusted friend to thousands of IBM employees.

This policy is still practiced by IBM. The programme works like this: if employees think they were unfairly treated bu their immediate manager, they can appeal to a higher level of management to solve their problem. They can go to higher and higher levels of management if they wish. Staff may raise any subject they wish. Generally, appeals are about promotion, relations with immediate managers, and assessments of staff performance.

14.Руководство кампанией: стратегия и тактика

Top managers make decisions affecting the future of an organization, determine where company is going , how it will get there, which markets to enter, how to finance an expansion, how to develop new products and so forth. But before making the decision top managers should have clear vision of the mission and purpose of their business, decide what it should be in the future.

As example Mark and Spencer company which decide to provide goods of an excellent quality at reasonable prices for working and middle class. They were developing their company in it direction and have one of the most recognizable store now.

Having decided on the mission and purpose an organization managers can work out more specific objectives, which helps to draw up a corporate plan.

Before deciding strategies the planners should analyze company’s present performance and external factors which can affect the future of an organisation

To do this SWOT analysis can be done, which means assessing its strength, weaknesses. opportunities and threats. First two indicators mean looking at the indicators like market share, sales revenue . It also examines its recourses- financial, human, products and facilities.

From the point of view of opportunities and threats its trying to assess technological, social, economic and political trends in the markets where its competing. It also examines the activities of competitors.

Having completed swot analysis the company can evaluate its objectives and perhaps work out the new one. They should ask the questions like “Are we producing the right goods?” “ Which new markets should we break into”

After that the new strategy should be set and appropriate action should be worked out.

Company planning and decision making are key activities if top management. After that their decisions, new targets and objectives should be divided with lower levels in the organization.

15. The management of time.

In any business it is important that manager should be effective. They must be able to achieve their objectives and to get the right things done. Or most executives being effective is easier said than done the problem is that there’re so many pressures on managers reducing their efficiency. They find that they don’t have enough time to devote to really important jobs. Besides, sometimes they’re under such pressure that they forget their jobs are important. The manager also faces another difficulty. He finds that other people take up a lot of his time. The manager must constantly respond to the demands that others make on his time.

Effective managers learn how to manage their time. They cut out unproductive activities. They never forget that the time cannot be replaced.

Before being able to control his time, the manager must find out how he’s actually using it. The best way to do it is to record how he uses time. The usual method is to log the tasks he performs. One way of logging time is to note down all the activities and indicate how long they took.

Then he can analyze the time log. This will help him to rethink and replan his word schedule. As a result the effective manager will start to say no more often to people demanding his time. He will also get rid off some activities which can be done by someone else. Know how to delegate is an essential skill. It’s easier to list the task in order of priority. And also sets deadlines for carrying out the most important activities. Peter Drucker the American expert on management believes that effective executives work systematically to manage time.