20.Что такое менеджмент? Менеджмент как наука

Management is a process of creating and maintaining an environment where individuals work together as a team, accomplishg efficiently selected goals.Management applies to any kind of organizations. It applies to managers at different organizational levels. Management takes place in small and large enterprises commercial and non-profit organizations. In manufacturing industries, as well as in service industries.Management is a process of setting and achieving goals through 5 basic management functions:

1. Planning;

2. Organizing;

3. Staffing;

4. Controlling;

5. Motivation people.

Actually, management neither and art or a science, but it requires both to be successful. The manager needs to understand people, read instructions, understand different situations, reflect and use past and modern experience. All these describes management to be an art.

Using computers for decision-making and statistical analysis - all are examples of management as a science.

21.Oбщие функции менеджмента по Файолю.

A French industrialist, Henry Fayol, wrote in 1960 a classic definition of the manager’s role. He said that to manage is to ‘forecast and plan, to organize, to command, co coordinate and to control’. This definition is still accepted by many people today, although some writers on management have modified Fayol’s description. Instead of talking about ‘command’, they say a manager must motivate or direct and lead other workers.

The activities of a manager depend on the level he’s working. Top manager(director,chairman) will be more involved in the lond rang policy, policy making, the relations of the company with the outside world, strategic decisions. Middle managers(supervisors) day-to-day decisions that will help to run the organization effectively and smoothly(deal with customers,suppliers,meet urgent order). Spend time communicating, coordinating, making decisions affecting the daily operation of the organization.

22.Теория Маслоу. Разные виды мотивации

To ensure staff to work efficiently managers must know how to motivate people. By understanding the factors, influencing it they can create the conditions in which employees will perform to their maximum potential.

There are different theories One of the most popular is Maslow hierarchy of needs.

He presented his book in 1954 in a book “Motivation and Personality” He classified human need in an ascending order of importance. Basic need at the bottom and higher need at the top. There are 5 steps

1) physiological needs ( food, water, needed to maintain life) Until they satisfied other needs will ot motivate the people

2) security needs ( free from danger, physical pain, loose of job, need for clothing and shelter

3) social needs ( be like or loved. being belonged to a group

4) esteem needs ( to have self respect and to be esteemed by others)

5) self actualization needs ( desire to develop. to maximize potential. achieve goals)

Maslow argued that needs can be satisfied only in a systematic way.