- •Е.Н.Бобровская, е.Ю.Вовк, е.Г.Эсаулова
- •Contents Page
- •Grammar in Use 117
- •Verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the English Verbs)
- •In phrases, with one or more accompanying words.
- •The Infinitive
- •2. Introduction
- •3. Forms
- •Bare Infinitive
- •Functions
- •Functions of the infinitive
- •6. Infinitive Constructions
- •6.1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction
- •6.2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •Grammar practice
- •5. A) Use the infinitive in the non-perfect form of the active or passive voice.
- •6. Use either of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the dialogue; find all the bare infinitives and explain their use. Act out the dialogue in class.
- •I’d Rather Pack Now
- •2. Your friend is going away on holiday. Now, she (he) is packing her (his) suitcase. You are trying to help by giving advice.
- •3. Make up dialogues using the given phrases:
- •Read the text; find all the infinitives and state their functions. Retell the passage.
- •Read the story. State the functions of the infinitives. Retell the story using as many infinitives as possible.
- •Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •9. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •Read the dialogue. Find all the Objective-with-the Infinitive Constructions in it and explain their use. Learn the dialogue and act it out in class. Do the tasks below.
- •Read the story “Shark-eating people” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the story “Sea Saga” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive construction where possible:
- •Read the extract about the Bermuda Triangle. Retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the text. Do the tasks below. A Road Accident
- •Read the following article about Christopher Columbus and list the information about him in your notebook under the two headings below, use the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.
- •Complete the sentences with the For-to-Infinitive Constructions and act out the dialogues.
- •In the Station Buffet
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Nursery rhymes and poems.
- •Idealists
- •4. Familiar Quotations
- •5. Funny Stories
- •The Science of Speaking
- •6. Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •The Gerund
- •7. Introduction
- •8. Forms of the Gerund
- •9. Functions of the Gerund
- •Functions of the gerund
- •10. Gerundial Predicative Constructions
- •11. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
- •12. The Infinitive and the Gerund
- •Predicative
- •The main thing
- •Part of a predicative
- •Prepositional Object
- •Grammar practice
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the story below and find all the gerunds. State their functions.
- •2. Read the following articles and answer the questions below. Nurses can help people give up smoking
- •Cigarettes kill 7 times more than roads major effort urged to stop child smokers
- •Let’s talk
- •1. What’s the problem in Trudy’s family? How common is it?
- •2. Sum up the advice given by the readers. Which of the advice may help, do you think? Which advice would you follow if you had the same problem? What advice would you offer Trudy?
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes
- •5. Poems
- •6. Funny Stories No Use Trying
- •Friendly Advice
- •It Speaks for Itself
- •Tiger Hunting
- •A High Price
- •The Participle
- •14. Introduction
- •15. Forms of the Participle
- •An escaped prisoner
- •16. Functions of the participle
- •16.1. Attribute
- •16.2. Adverbial Modifier
- •16.3. Predicative
- •17. Misrelated Participles
- •18. Predicative Constructions with the Participle
- •18.1. The Objective Participial Construction
- •18.2. The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The subjective construction with
- •18.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.5. Absolute Constructions without a Participle
- •19. The Gerund and the Participle
- •Grammar in use
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Alcohol and you
- •Did you know?
- •Alcohol myths
- •2. A) Read the following news story and answer questions about it.
- •Women in aids frontline Main cause of death for women aged 20-40
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes and Poems
- •5. Funny Stories
- •General revision
- •1. Find all the verbals in the following text, state their functions. Going on a Trip
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form.
- •5. Use a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive, or a construction instead of the verbs given in brackets; underline them, name the non-finite form used and state its function.
- •6. Put in the correct forms. Tell the story to the class.
- •List of Grammar Books
- •398020 Г.Липецк, ул.Ленина, 42
10. Gerundial Predicative Constructions
10.1. The Gerund can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions in which the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or a pronoun. The noun/pronoun is the “subject” or “object” of the gerund, different from that of the finite verb.
Compare: I remember mentioning the fact. (= I remember that I mentioned the fact)
I remember your mentioning the fact. (= I remember that you mentioned it)
10.2. The nominal element of the Construction can be expressed in different ways.
a) If it denotes a living being it may be expressed by a noun in the Common case, a noun in the Genetive case, a possessive pronoun, or a personal pronoun in the Objective case.
We rely on our neighbours watering the plants while we are away.
I’m fed up with Sarah’s/Sarah laughing at my accent.
Do you mind me/my sitting here?
The possessive is more formal and less usual in everyday speech. But the possessive is more likely to be used at the beginning of a sentence.
Richard’s coming back is wonderful news.
When the nominal element consists of two nouns or a noun modified by an attribute in post position, only the Common case is used.
I’m looking forward to Mary and Emely staying with us.
Who has ever heard of a man of sense rejecting such an offer?
b) If the nominal element denotes a lifeless object, it is expressed by a noun in the Common case or a possessive pronoun.
I said something of my watch being slow.
The nominal element can be expressed by a pronoun that has no case distinctions.
I insist on both of you coming together.
10.3. Predicative constructions with the gerund are used in a sentence in different syntactic functions.
Subject
Your keeping a copy of the letters is a good idea.
It’s no use his/him apologizing – I’ll never forgive him.
Predicative
I’m all for his representing our firm at the conference.
Direct Complex Object
Do you mind my smoking?
Prepositional Complex Object
Sam was pleased about his son winning a prize.
Attribute
I hate the idea of strangers looking after my baby.
Adverbial Modifier
The picture was hung upside down without anyone noticing it.
Despite your remembering me, I forgot.
11. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
Like the Gerund, the verbal noun has the suffix –ing.
The main points of difference between them are as follows.
a) The gerund is a verbal, thus The verbal noun may be used
it is not used with an article. with an article or a demonstrative
Driving makes her tired. pronoun.
(= driving in general) Nancy likes her job, but the driving makes her tired.
This arguing gets on my nerves.
b) The gerund has no plural The verbal noun may be used in
form. the plural.
Building is a skilled job. The hostages suffered several
beatings.
The square was surrounded by
tall buildings.
c) The gerund can take a direct The verbal noun cannot take a
object. direct object; it can be modified
Crossing the road here is by an of-phrase.
dangerous. I was disturbed by the ringing of
the phone.
d) The gerund may be modified The verbal noun may be modified
by an adverb. by an adjective.
I look forward to seeing you soon. My boss was fined for dangerous driving.