- •Е.Н.Бобровская, е.Ю.Вовк, е.Г.Эсаулова
- •Contents Page
- •Grammar in Use 117
- •Verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the English Verbs)
- •In phrases, with one or more accompanying words.
- •The Infinitive
- •2. Introduction
- •3. Forms
- •Bare Infinitive
- •Functions
- •Functions of the infinitive
- •6. Infinitive Constructions
- •6.1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction
- •6.2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •Grammar practice
- •5. A) Use the infinitive in the non-perfect form of the active or passive voice.
- •6. Use either of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the dialogue; find all the bare infinitives and explain their use. Act out the dialogue in class.
- •I’d Rather Pack Now
- •2. Your friend is going away on holiday. Now, she (he) is packing her (his) suitcase. You are trying to help by giving advice.
- •3. Make up dialogues using the given phrases:
- •Read the text; find all the infinitives and state their functions. Retell the passage.
- •Read the story. State the functions of the infinitives. Retell the story using as many infinitives as possible.
- •Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •9. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •Read the dialogue. Find all the Objective-with-the Infinitive Constructions in it and explain their use. Learn the dialogue and act it out in class. Do the tasks below.
- •Read the story “Shark-eating people” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the story “Sea Saga” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive construction where possible:
- •Read the extract about the Bermuda Triangle. Retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the text. Do the tasks below. A Road Accident
- •Read the following article about Christopher Columbus and list the information about him in your notebook under the two headings below, use the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.
- •Complete the sentences with the For-to-Infinitive Constructions and act out the dialogues.
- •In the Station Buffet
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Nursery rhymes and poems.
- •Idealists
- •4. Familiar Quotations
- •5. Funny Stories
- •The Science of Speaking
- •6. Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •The Gerund
- •7. Introduction
- •8. Forms of the Gerund
- •9. Functions of the Gerund
- •Functions of the gerund
- •10. Gerundial Predicative Constructions
- •11. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
- •12. The Infinitive and the Gerund
- •Predicative
- •The main thing
- •Part of a predicative
- •Prepositional Object
- •Grammar practice
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the story below and find all the gerunds. State their functions.
- •2. Read the following articles and answer the questions below. Nurses can help people give up smoking
- •Cigarettes kill 7 times more than roads major effort urged to stop child smokers
- •Let’s talk
- •1. What’s the problem in Trudy’s family? How common is it?
- •2. Sum up the advice given by the readers. Which of the advice may help, do you think? Which advice would you follow if you had the same problem? What advice would you offer Trudy?
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes
- •5. Poems
- •6. Funny Stories No Use Trying
- •Friendly Advice
- •It Speaks for Itself
- •Tiger Hunting
- •A High Price
- •The Participle
- •14. Introduction
- •15. Forms of the Participle
- •An escaped prisoner
- •16. Functions of the participle
- •16.1. Attribute
- •16.2. Adverbial Modifier
- •16.3. Predicative
- •17. Misrelated Participles
- •18. Predicative Constructions with the Participle
- •18.1. The Objective Participial Construction
- •18.2. The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The subjective construction with
- •18.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.5. Absolute Constructions without a Participle
- •19. The Gerund and the Participle
- •Grammar in use
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Alcohol and you
- •Did you know?
- •Alcohol myths
- •2. A) Read the following news story and answer questions about it.
- •Women in aids frontline Main cause of death for women aged 20-40
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes and Poems
- •5. Funny Stories
- •General revision
- •1. Find all the verbals in the following text, state their functions. Going on a Trip
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form.
- •5. Use a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive, or a construction instead of the verbs given in brackets; underline them, name the non-finite form used and state its function.
- •6. Put in the correct forms. Tell the story to the class.
- •List of Grammar Books
- •398020 Г.Липецк, ул.Ленина, 42
Bare Infinitive
The particle to is normally used before infinitives.
He wanted to go.
4.1. However, in some cases the bare infinitive (i.e. the infinitive without the particle to) is used:
after auxiliary verbs
Do you think she might be joking?
after modal verbs (except ought, sometimes need and dare)
You could walk round the earth in a year.
after verbs denoting sense perception such as hear, see, notice, feel, watch.
We both heard him say that he was leaving.
I didn’t see you come in.
after the verb to let.
She lets her children stay up very late.
Let me just get my coat and I’ll be with you.
after the verbs to make and to have in the meaning “заставлять, велеть, допускать”.
I made them give me my money back.
Have Mrs. Hansen come in, please.
after the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, cannot choose but, nothing but, rather than.
You’d better see what she wants.
I didn’t enjoy it. I’d rather have stayed at home.
Rather than wait, I decided to take a taxi.
You’ve done nothing but grumble all day.
after why (not)
Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices.
You’re looking tired. Why not take a holiday?
4.2. Sometimes a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive can be used:
after the verbs to know, to see, to observe (mostly in perfect tenses)
I’ve never known him (to) pay for a drink.
after help
Could you help me (to) unload the car?
after the link verb to be in sentences like:
All I did was (to) give him a little push.
after and, or, except, but, than, as, like. When two infinitives are joined by and, or, except, etc. the second is often used without to.
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep.
It’s easier to do it yourself than explain to anybody else how to do it.
I have to feed the animals as well as look after the children.
As for the housework, she does everything except cook.
After the verbs hear, see, make, know, help in the passive the to-infinitive is used.
She was heard to say that she disagreed.
He was made to pay back the money.
Lydia was never known to complain or find fault.
The particle to is used instead of a whole infinitive if it is easily understood from the context.
“Are you and Gillian getting married? “ “We hope to”.
I don’t dance much now, but I used to a lot.
“Somebody ought to clean the bathroom.” “I’ll ask John to”.
Be and stative have are not usually dropped.
There are more flowers than there used to be.
You’ve got more freckles than you used to have.
We cannot usually leave out to after would like / love / hate / prefer, want and choose.
My parents encouraged me to study art, but I didn’t want to.
However, to is often dropped after want and almost always after like, when these are used after conjunctions, for instance when, if, what, as:
Come when you want (to).
I’ll do what I like.
A “split infinitive” is a structure in which to is separated from the rest of the infinitive by an adverb.
I’d like to really understand philosophy.
Split infinitives are quite common in English, especially in an informal style. Some people consider them incorrect or careless, and avoid them by putting an adverb in another position.
He began slowly to get up off the floor.