- •Е.Н.Бобровская, е.Ю.Вовк, е.Г.Эсаулова
- •Contents Page
- •Grammar in Use 117
- •Verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the English Verbs)
- •In phrases, with one or more accompanying words.
- •The Infinitive
- •2. Introduction
- •3. Forms
- •Bare Infinitive
- •Functions
- •Functions of the infinitive
- •6. Infinitive Constructions
- •6.1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction
- •6.2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •Grammar practice
- •5. A) Use the infinitive in the non-perfect form of the active or passive voice.
- •6. Use either of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the dialogue; find all the bare infinitives and explain their use. Act out the dialogue in class.
- •I’d Rather Pack Now
- •2. Your friend is going away on holiday. Now, she (he) is packing her (his) suitcase. You are trying to help by giving advice.
- •3. Make up dialogues using the given phrases:
- •Read the text; find all the infinitives and state their functions. Retell the passage.
- •Read the story. State the functions of the infinitives. Retell the story using as many infinitives as possible.
- •Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •9. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •Read the dialogue. Find all the Objective-with-the Infinitive Constructions in it and explain their use. Learn the dialogue and act it out in class. Do the tasks below.
- •Read the story “Shark-eating people” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the story “Sea Saga” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive construction where possible:
- •Read the extract about the Bermuda Triangle. Retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the text. Do the tasks below. A Road Accident
- •Read the following article about Christopher Columbus and list the information about him in your notebook under the two headings below, use the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.
- •Complete the sentences with the For-to-Infinitive Constructions and act out the dialogues.
- •In the Station Buffet
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Nursery rhymes and poems.
- •Idealists
- •4. Familiar Quotations
- •5. Funny Stories
- •The Science of Speaking
- •6. Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •The Gerund
- •7. Introduction
- •8. Forms of the Gerund
- •9. Functions of the Gerund
- •Functions of the gerund
- •10. Gerundial Predicative Constructions
- •11. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
- •12. The Infinitive and the Gerund
- •Predicative
- •The main thing
- •Part of a predicative
- •Prepositional Object
- •Grammar practice
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the story below and find all the gerunds. State their functions.
- •2. Read the following articles and answer the questions below. Nurses can help people give up smoking
- •Cigarettes kill 7 times more than roads major effort urged to stop child smokers
- •Let’s talk
- •1. What’s the problem in Trudy’s family? How common is it?
- •2. Sum up the advice given by the readers. Which of the advice may help, do you think? Which advice would you follow if you had the same problem? What advice would you offer Trudy?
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes
- •5. Poems
- •6. Funny Stories No Use Trying
- •Friendly Advice
- •It Speaks for Itself
- •Tiger Hunting
- •A High Price
- •The Participle
- •14. Introduction
- •15. Forms of the Participle
- •An escaped prisoner
- •16. Functions of the participle
- •16.1. Attribute
- •16.2. Adverbial Modifier
- •16.3. Predicative
- •17. Misrelated Participles
- •18. Predicative Constructions with the Participle
- •18.1. The Objective Participial Construction
- •18.2. The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The subjective construction with
- •18.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.5. Absolute Constructions without a Participle
- •19. The Gerund and the Participle
- •Grammar in use
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Alcohol and you
- •Did you know?
- •Alcohol myths
- •2. A) Read the following news story and answer questions about it.
- •Women in aids frontline Main cause of death for women aged 20-40
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes and Poems
- •5. Funny Stories
- •General revision
- •1. Find all the verbals in the following text, state their functions. Going on a Trip
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form.
- •5. Use a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive, or a construction instead of the verbs given in brackets; underline them, name the non-finite form used and state its function.
- •6. Put in the correct forms. Tell the story to the class.
- •List of Grammar Books
- •398020 Г.Липецк, ул.Ленина, 42
16.3. Predicative
The terrorists’ car was stolen. (=It was not theirs.)
Compare: The car was stolen by the terrorists. (=the Passive form, denotes an action)
His indifference was infuriating.
16.4. Part of Compound Verbal Predicate (See 18.2.)
Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the hall below.
The jewels were believed lost.
16.5. Part of a Complex Object (See 18.1.)
Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?
I can make myself understood very well in French.
16.6. Participle I is used as a Parenthesis.
Strictly speaking, you can’t come in here unless you are a club member.
Broadly speaking, …; Considering everything,…
17. Misrelated Participles
Normally, the doer of the action expressed by a participle is the same as the subject of the sentence.
The men sat round the table playing cards. (=The men were playing cards.)
It is often considered a mistake to make sentences in which the participle has a doer different from the subject of the sentence. The following sentence, with its ‘misrelated participle’, would be considered incorrect by many people.
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there was a wonderful range of mountains.
This could sound as if the mountains were looking out of the window.
However, sentences with ‘misrelated participles’ are quite common, particularly when the sentence opens with the introductory it or there.
Being French, it’s surprising that she is a terrible cook.
Having so little time, there was not much I could do.
‘Misrelated participles’ can be used when there is no danger of misunderstanding.
Knowing how little time was left, this new delay infuriated her.
(=She knew…, she was infuriated.)
18. Predicative Constructions with the Participle
In Modern English we find the following constructions with the Participle:
the Objective Participial Construction;
the Subjective Participial Construction;
the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;
the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
18.1. The Objective Participial Construction
This is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence, the construction is used as a Complex Object. The verbal element is Participle I Indefinite or Participle II.
The Objective Participial Construction is found:
a) after verbs of sense perception such as see, hear, watch, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, etc.
We heard you arguing with your brother.
We saw the lions (being) fed.
A verb of perception can also take an object +bare infinitive (the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction). The infinitive means a complete action, the participle means action for a period of time.
I saw them cut the tree down. It didn’t take long.
I saw them cutting the tree down as I went past.
But when we talk about a short action, we can use either patterns.
Bernard watched the horse jump/jumping the fence.
b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as consider, understand, imagine.
She considers herself engaged to Edwin.
c) after some verbs of wish, such as wish, want, desire, (would) like, (would) love, (would) prefer, (would) hate. Only Participle II is used in this pattern.
Pamela wanted the carpet cleaned. (except after imagine)
In patterns b) and c) the Infinitive can also be used.
Pamela wanted the carpet to be cleaned.
Pamela wanted Jack to clean the carpet.
d) after the verbs have, get, set, keep, leave, find and catch Participle I is used to denote an action for a period of time, an action in progress.
We soon got the machine working again.
They caught a student cheating in the exam.
After get, have, make, find Participle II is also used.
The police found the body buried in the garden.
Have/get + object + Participle II means that the action is performed at the request of the subject. This pattern is used mainly to talk about professional services to a customer, “arrange for smb. to do smth.”
We had a burglar alarm fitted some time ago. (=by a security company)
Where did you get/have your hair cut? (get is more informal than have)
We can use get informally meaning ‘cause oneself to do something’ or ‘get on with the job’.
We finally got everything packed into one suitcase.
We can use the same pattern with have meaning ‘experience something, often something unpleasant’.
My sister has had some money stolen.
We had water dripping through the ceiling.
‘I won’t have…’ means ‘I won’t allow’.
I won’t have my house turned into a hotel.
I won’t have you telling me what to do.
After have, get, leave we can use an infinitive for an action as a whole.
The trainer had the players run/got the players to run round the field.
OBJECTIVE CONSTRUCTION WITH
THE INFINITIVE THE PARTICIPLE
to see + smb. do smth hear feel watch notice … |
to see + smb. doing smth hear smth. done feel watch … find |
to get + smb. to do smth. to make + smth./smb. do smth. have to let + smb. do smth. to cause + smb. to do smth. |
to get + smth./oneself done smb./smth. doing smth. to make + oneself done. have + smb. doing smth. smth./oneself done to set + smb. doing smth. |
to want + smb. to do smth. wish desire mean intend I’d like/love/hate/ prefer … |
to want + smth./oneself done wish desire
I’d like/love/hate/ prefer … |
to think + smb. to be Adj / N know smb. to do smth. believe consider expect find imagine |
to consider + oneself /smth. done understand
imagine + smb. doing smth. smth./smb. done |
to leave + smb. to do smth. |
to leave + smb. doing smth. keep smth. /smb. done to catch + smb. doing smth. |