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IS A CRIME CRACKDOWN.doc
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Courts and trials (topical vocabulary)

  1. Courts: trial courts, common pleas courts, municipal and county courts, mayor courts, courts of claims, courts of appeals, the State Supreme Court.

  2. Cases: lawsuit, civil cases, criminal cases, framed-up cases.

  3. Offences: felony, misdemeanor, murder, manslaughter, homicide, rape, assault, arson, robbery, burglary, theft/larceny, kidnapping, embezzlement, bribery, forgery, fraud, swindling, perjury, slander, blackmail, abuse of power, disorderly conduct, speeding, petty offence, house-breaking, shoplifting, mugging, contempt of court, subpoena.

  4. Participants of the legal procedure: 1) parties to a lawsuit: claimant/plaintiff (in a civil case); state (criminal case); defendant, offender (first/repeat); attorney for the plaintiff (in a civil case); prosecutor (criminal); attorney for defence; 2) jury, Grand jury, to serve on a jury, to swear the jury, to convene; 3) witness – a credible witness; 4) a probation officer; 5) bailiff.

  5. Legal procedure: to file a complaint/a countercomplaint, to answer/challenge the complaint; to notify the defendant of the lawsuit; to issue sb a summons; to issue a warrant of arrest (a search warrant); to indict sb for felony; to bring lawsuit; to take legal actions; to bring the case to court; to bring criminal prosecution; to make an opening statement; the prosecution/state; the defence; to examine a witness – direct examination, cross-examination; to present evidence (direct, circumstantial, relevant, material, incompetent, irrelevant, admissible, inadmissible, corroborative, irrefutable, presumptive, documentary); to register (to rule out, to sustain) an objection; circumstances (aggravating, circumstantial, extenuating); to detain a person, detention; to go before the court.

  6. Penalties or sentences: bail; to release sb on bail, to bring in (to return, to give) a verdict of guilty/not guilty; actual incarceration; a jail sentence; a penitentiary term – a term of imprisonment (life, from 25 years to a few months imprisonment); probation, to be on probation, shock probation; parole, shock parole, Parole Board, to release sb on parole, to be eligible for parole; to place an offender on probation, to grant probation/parole; to send sb to a penitentiary/jail; to impose a sentence on sb; to serve sentences (consecutively, concurrently); to throw a reasonable doubt on the case; hard labour; manual labour.

  7. A court-room: the judge’s bench, the jury box; the dock, the witness’ stand/box; the public gallery.

Set Work

I. Study the above given lexical units.

II. Give words for the following definitions.

  • Money left with a court of law so that a prisoner can be set free until he is tried;

  • the letting out of a prisoner before the official period of the imprisonment has ended on condition s/he behaved well;

  • an act of stealing articles of a value below a certain account;

  • a thief who enters the house during the day;

  • a group of people representing the person bringing a criminal charge against sb in court;

  • robbing with violence in a public place;

  • evidence which is too strong to be disapproved;

  • a case in which an innocent person appears guilty of a crime by means of carefully planned but untrue statements;

  • a person who makes a false copy of sth;

  • order allowing the police to take certain actions;

  • a group of 23 people chosen to consider acts about sb who is charged with a crime and to decide whether a trial is necessary;

  • murder;

  • indirect evidence;

  • a serious crime;

  • to stay in prison for several offences, serving a different prison term for each of them;

  • the crime of killing a person illegally but not intentionally;

  • a lie told on purpose in a court of law;

  • matter brought to a court of law for decision by a private person, not by the police or the state;

  • evidence based on a reasonable belief;

  • allowing certain law-breakers not to go to prison, if they behave well and report regularly to a probation officer;

  • a light crime;

  • a person whose job is to watch, advise and help law-breakers who are on probation;

  • imprisoning;

  • a person who brings a charge against sb;

  • work done with hand-held tools.

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