1. Система перфектно-продолженных времен (Perfect Continuous Tenses)

Правила использования (Когда?/Как?)

Основная формулa to have been + Participle I

для обозначения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и еще совершается в настоящее время

Настоящее перфектно-продолженное время (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) Основная формулa have been + Participle I (I / we / you / they) has been + Participle I (he / she / it)

+

?

–

I / We You / They have (‘ve)* He / She / It has (‘s)*

been working for 2 years.

Have Has

I / we you they he / it she

been working for 2 years?

I / We / You They have not (haven’t)* He / She / It has not (hasn’t)*

been working for 2 years.

Перевод: Я отработал(a)/мы отработали/ты отработал/ Вы/вы/они отработали/он отработал / она отработала / оно отработало (уже к определенному периоду времени в настоящем времени и продолжаю / продолжает (и т.д.) работать

Формальные признаки: for during (a month, a long period of time etc.) в тeчение в продолжение (месяца, долгого времени и т.д.)

1. для обозначе-ния длительно-го прошедшего действия, начав-шегося ранее другого про-шедшего дейст-вия, выражен-ного в Past Simple и ещё происходивше-го в момент его совершения

Прошедшее перфектно-продолженное время (Pаst Perfect Continuous Tense) Основная формулa had been + Participle I

+

?

–

I / we You / He They / It She had

been working for 2 years.

Had

I / we you / it they / he she

been working for 2 years?

I / we You / He They / It She

had not (hadn’t)* been working for 2 years.

Перевод: Я отработал / мы отработали / ты отработал / Вы / вы / мы отработали/он отработал/она отработала/оно отработало до начала другого действия в прошлом и ещё продолжавшегося в момент его совершения

Формальные признаки: for в тeчение during в продолжение for a month в течение месяца for a long period of time etc. в течение долгого времени и т.д.

1.для обозначения длительного будущего действия, начавшегося ранее другого будущего действия или момента и будет продолжаться в этот момент

Будущее перфектно-продолженное время (Future Perfect Continuous Tense) Основная формулa shall have been+ Participle I (I / we) will have been+ Participle I (he / she / it / you / they)

+

?

–

I / We shall You / They He / She / It will

have been working for 2 years.

Shall Will

I / we they he / it she you

have been working for 2 years?

I / We shall not (shan’t)* You / They / He She / It will not (won’t) *

have been working for 2 years.

Перевод: Я (уже) отработаю / мы отработаем / ты отработаешь / Вы / вы отработаете / они отработают /он/она отработает к определенному времени до начала другого действия в будущем, ещё продолжавшегося после его совершения

Формальные признаки: for в тeчение during в продолжение for a month в течение месяца for a long period of time etc. в течение долгого времени и т.д.

N.B! Несмотря на то, что формы перфектно-продолженных времен Perfect Continuous Tenses выражают длительность действия более ярко, однако только перфектные времена Perfect Tenses могут употребляться с глаголами, выражающими: чувственное восприятие to hear слышать; to see видеть to watch etc. наблюдать и т.д.; умственную деятельность to understand понимать; to remember помнить; to forget забывать; чувства to like нравиться to dislike не нравиться to hate ненавидеть to love любить; желания to want хотеть to wish желать; принадлежности to belong принадлежать to possess обладать to cost стоить, состояния to be быть, находиться: e.g. Не has been learning Byron’s the poem* all day long. Он учит стихотворение Байрона целый день. Будущее завершенное (перфектное) время не употребляется в прида- точных предложениях условия и времени после союзов: If / Provided / Providing that / On condition that если In case в случае если Unless если не When когда В этих предложениях будущее завершенное/перфектное продолженное время выражается глаголами в настоящем завершенном / перфектном продолженном времени, которые переводятся на русский язык глаголами будущего завершенного / перфектного продолженного времени: e.g. On condition he has been studying successfully for three years at Aberdeen University, he will get the Degree of Bachelor of Arts*. В том случае, если он успешно проучится в Абердинском университете три года, он получит звание бакалавра искусств.

* См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

У пражнение 36. Определите, верны ли грамматические формы глаголов в выделенных предложениях, внесите изменения, если необходимо:

Mr. Blake: 1 So, Steve, you have been working at our Сollege of Arts as a teacher of Drawing for nearly a year, aren’t’ you?

Steve Red: Yes, that’s right.

Mr. Blake: 2 You work at St. Paul’s Cathedral* as a restorer before then.

Steve Red: Yes, four years ago.

Mr. Blake: 3 You have been fulfilling this work for four years. 4 I am admiring this magnificent monument of the late XVII^th century. 5 Christopher Wren* designed it to replace a previous cathedral destroyed in the Fire of London in 1666.

Steve Red: 6 It had a large dome, inside which is the famous Whispering Gallery. The cathedral contains the graves of many famous people – Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington and Christopher Wren himself.

Mr. Blake: Whispering Gallery? 7 Did you work exactly there? I have been there with my family. 8 My son was surprised by the way it carries sounds: if a person whispers close to the wall on one side of the gallery, he can be heard by another person close to the wall on the other side of the gallery.

Steve Red: No one can get used to such a wonder! I graduated from the Department of Arts. But I feel happy here.

Mr. Blake: Absolutely? 9 It’s a great job and everyone is really friendly to you this time, colleagues and children. Now you are clear about your future targets, aren’t you?

Steve Red: Yes, I think so. Although teacher’s profession is a job of great responsibility and most specific character, studying children’s abilities, discovering really gifted boys and girls, 10 teaching them becomes particularly interesting for me.

____________________________________________________________________

* См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

P rotestant Church Протестанская церковь

A restorer реставратор

To fulfill the work выполнять работу

Christopher Wren Кристофер Рен

The Fire of London пожар в Лондоне

A dome свод

A grave могила

Whispering Gallery Галерея Шёпотов

To be clear about targets for future определиться с планами на будущее

Studying children’s abilities, discovering really gifted boys and girls, teaching them изучение наклонностей детей, открытие способных детей, их обучение

У пражнение 37. Выберите правильную форму глагола:

T here are many old legends about Ireland. According to one of them the water 1 the famous green Isle long ago. Every seventh year the water retreated only for a short time. The water absorbings and retreaments 2 for a long time. As the water retreated and the island appeared out of the water, it 3 so green and beautiful that many plucky fellows settled and built houses there.

Seven years passed and the water absorbed the island again. The people of the island 4 from the relentless water. It was known, however, that the sea could be stopped if a piece of iron was buried in the island’s heart at the moment of water retreating.

Once upon a time when another seven years had passed, the island 5 out of the water, a brave man 6 and buried his sword in its heart. The waves have not been swallowing up the island since that day. The island got the name of Iron land or Ireland*. Iron is believed to be lucky by the Irish. 7 to find a piece of iron in the form of a horseshoe. It is put up for luck above the door of the house.

Ulster is another name for Northern Ireland used especially by unionists (people who favour political union between Britain and Northern Ireland). Its symbol is a red upright hand cut off the wrist. It was originally the symbol of one of Ulster’s ruling families, the O’Neills. How did Ireland get such a picture on its coat of arms?

It occurred thirty hundred years ago. Two Viking chieftains 8 with their men by boat to Ireland. One of them was Heremon O’Neills; the name of the other is unknown. They decided that chieftain who would touch the Ireland’s coast first would be the king of the country.

Unfortunately, Heremon’s boat 9 slower as the boat of another Viking chieftain. When the boats were not in a far distance from Ireland’s coast, Heremon O’Neills cut off his right hand and threw it over to the land. His hand happened to touch the moot territory first and Heremon became the king of the country. Since the picture of a upright hand 10 on the Irish coat of arms.

____________________________________________________________________

* См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

T o hide скрывать

To retreat отступать

Plucky fellows смельчаки

To suffer from the relentless water зд.: страдать от безжалостной воды

If a piece of iron was buried in the island’s heart at the moment of water retreating Если похоронить в сердце острова кусочек железа, когда наступает вода

A sword меч

An Iron land Железная страна

Ulster Ольстер

Unionists (people who favour political union between Britain and Northern Ireland) юнионисты/член профсоюза (люди, которые поддерживают политический союз с Британией)

A red upright hand cut off the wrist кисть руки красная от крови, отсеченная у запястья

A Viking chieftain вождь викингов

They bet who touched the Ireland’s coast first he would be the king of the country. Они поспорили, кто первым коснется берега Ирландии, станет её королем.

The moot territory спорная территория

1. a ) hide b) hidden c) hid

2. a) had taken place b) had been taking place c) took place

3. a) looked b) look c) looking

4. a) had suffered greatly b) had been greatly suffering c) suffered greatly

5. a) had appeared b) appeared c) appear

6. a) came b) come c) has come

7. a) They dreaming b) They have dreamt c) They dream

8. a) had gone b) went c) were going

9. a) was moving b) moved c) move

10. a) has placed b) has been placing c) places

1. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)

Свойства	Глагол / эквивалент	Значение	Примеры
1. показывают не действие, а отноше-ние говорящего к действию/состоянию, выраженному инфи-тивом стоящего после него знаменательно-го/смыслового глагола; 2. имеют следующие особенности: инфинитив смысловых глаголов после модальных глаголов употреб-ляется без частицы to; образуют отрицательную / вопросительную формы без вспо-могательных глаголов; не принимают окончания «- s» в 3 лице ед. числа в настоящем простом времени Present Simple Tense .	Can (форма прошедшего времени could) / to be able to	Физическая возможность / умение выполнить действие / мочь/уметь / быть в состоянии	e.g. I can play football. Я умею играть в футбол. e.g. Are you able to play lawn tennis? Ты умеешь играть в большой теннис? N.B! Сan с отрицанием not пишется слитно: e.g. They cannot write . Они не умеют писать.
	May (форма прошедшего времени might) = to be allowed to	Разрешение / возможность / вероятность / предположение совершить какое-либо действие	e.g. May I come in? Можно войти? e.g. You may be late for your lessons. Ты можешь опоздать на занятия.
	Must / to have to / to be to / should / ought to	Моральный долг	e.g. You must respect your parents. Вы должны уважать своих родителей.
		Долженствование в выполнении действия по обстоятельствам	e.g. My sister is ill, I have to visit her. Моя сестра больна, я должна навестить ее.
	To be to	Долженствование в выполнении действия по предварительной договоренности	e.g. You are to return my book in a week. Ты должен возвратить мою книгу через неделю.
	Should	Долженствование в форме совета / рекомендации	e.g. Students should pay attention to the rule on usage of modal verbs e.g. Студентам следует обратить внимание на правило употребления модальных глаголов.
	Ought to	Необходимость / cовет / долг	e.g. Future English teachers ought to know traditions of England. Будущим учителям английского языка следует знать традиции Англии.
	Need	Необходимость / нужда	e.g. You needn’t buy food today, I’ve bought it. Тебе не нужно покупать продукты cегодня, я уже купила.
	N.B.! В разговорной речи употребляются: Mustn’t – Нельзя (запрещение) Needn’t – Не нужно (нет необходимости) Can’t – Нельзя (невозможно) I’m afraid not – Вежливый отказ

Упражнение 38. Выберите правильный перевод следующих предложений на русский язык:

1. You must return this book of poetry by R. Burns* to the library.

1. Тебе следует возвратить книгу стихов Р. Бернса в библиотеку.

2. Ты должен возвратить книгу стихов Р. Бернса в библиотеку.

3. Ты можешь возвратить книгу стихов Р. Бернса в библиотеку.

2. Can you give me a Guide to Newcastle*?

1. Ты должен дать мне путеводитель по Ньюкаслу?

2. Ты можешь дать мне путеводитель по Ньюкаслу?

3. Ты позволишь мне взять путеводитель по Ньюкаслу?

3. You may take the car and go to Brighton*, I don’t need it.

1. Вы можете взять машину и добраться до Брайтона, мне она не нужна.

2. Вы должны взять машину и добраться до Брайтона, мне она не нужна.

3. Вам необходимо взять машину и добраться до Брайтона, мне она не нужна.

   4. He will have to stay at the British Museum Library* for an hour or so.

1. Ему необходимо остаться в библиотеке Британского музея примерно на час.

2. Он сможет остаться в библиотеке Британского музея примерно на час. Ему позволят остаться в библиотеке Британского музея примерно на час.

   5. Will you be able to finish this essay on Madam Tussaud’s Museum* in time?

      1. Вы сможете закончить эссе о музее мадам Тюссо во время?

      2. Вы закончите эссе о музее мадам Тюссо во время?

      3. Вам необходимо закончить эссе о музее мадам Тюссо во время?

6. Every sailor of the starting ship must be at the port of Cardiff* in time.

   1. Все моряки отправляющихся судов должны быть в порту Кардифф во время.

   2. Все моряки отправляющихся судов могут быть в порту Кардифф во время.

   3. Всем морякам отправляющихся судов нужно быть в порту Кардифф во время.

      7. You needn’t worry about tickets to the Albert Hall, I’ve bought them.

1. Не беспокойтесь о билетах в Альберт-Холл, я уже купила их.

2. Побеспокойтесь о билетах в Альберт-Холл, я не купила их.

3. Вам нужно побеспокоиться о билетах в Альберт-Холл, я не купила их.

   8. You should pay attention to the traffic in England, it’s not like in Europe.

1. Вы должны обратить внимание на правила движения в Англии, они отличаются от европейских.

2. Вам следует обратить внимание на правила движения в Англии, они отличаются от европейских.

3. Вы можете обратить внимание на правила движения в Англии, они отличаются от европейских.

   9. I hope, I’ll be allowed to go for a week or so to Brighton.

1. Надеюсь, что у меня появится возможность уехать на неделю в Брайтон.

2. Надеюсь, что я должен буду уехать на неделю в Брайтон.

3. Надеюсь, что мне не нужно ехать на неделю в Брайтон.

   10. Will she be able to visit the National Gallery* in London next summer?

1. Ей удастся посетить Национальную Галерею в Лондоне в следующем году?

2. Она должна посетить Национальную Галерею в Лондоне в следующем году?

3. Ей следует посетить Национальную Галерею в Лондоне в следующем году?

____________________________________________________________________

* См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

У пражнение 39. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами:

1. Ralph… play golf very well.

1. can b) need to c) has to

2. ... I take your English dictionary?

   1. Сan b) Need to c) May

3. … I ask you to make a tour about Stratford-upon-Avon with me today?

   1. Сan b) Must c) May

4. He … to speak English in his childhood.

   1. can b) ought c) could

5. Stella is ill, we … bring her medicine (лекарства).

   1. are to b) have to c) need

6. The tourists … to know English traditions to understand the English.

   1. are to b) need c) have to

7. Don’t worry! Susanna … study the English language very fast.

   1. can b) must c) may

8. The train is never late, Sara and Oscar … take a taxi.

   1. can b) have not to c) need not to

9. I’m sorry, I … not come earlier.

   1. can b) must c) have to

10. … I take your photo apparatus and make a photo of Nelson’s Column?

    1. Can b) Must c) May

У пражнение 40 . Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами:

All children at the age from five to sixteen attend school in three countries of the UK: England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Schooling is compulsory for twelve years there. There are two voluntary years thereafter. Children 1 attend either state-funded or fee paying independent schools. First children enter infant school for children from five to seven, then they study at junior school for children from seven to eleven. From eleven to sixteen children attend secondary school (Look: Table below).

When children come to junior school for the first time, their teachers 2 divide them into three streams – A, B, C on their infant school marks and sometimes after a special test. The brightest children 3 go to the A-stream and the least gifted go to the C-stream. At the end of their junior school English children usually 4 write their Eleven Plus Examination on the results of which they will go next September to a secondary school of a certain type. These examinations show only mental abilities of children, not their knowledge.

There are different secondary schools in England: modern, technical, grammar and comprehensive secondary schools. Modern schools do not provide complete secondary education; the programmes are rather limited in comparison with another secondary schools. Grammar schools provide a full theoretical secondary education, a student 5 choose subjects and languages to study there. If any student leaves grammar school after a five-year course, he or she 6 take General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) at the ordinary level as all school leavers in GB.

Secondary technical schools teach many general subjects together with woodwork, metalwork, needlework typing and etc. Almost 90 % of children study at comprehensive schools. The latter combine under one roof the courses of three above mentioned schools, so their number is constantly growing. At the end of the compulsory attendance cycle of education (at 16) pupils 7 take examinations to get their General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). It was introduced in 1989.

Secondary school lasts either until the end of the compulsory attendance cycle or includes two final years of secondary education generally known in Britain (for historical reasons) as «the sixth form» when pupils get academic vocational courses at a special tertiary college.

During two voluntary years of schooling pupil 8 to specialize in two or three subjects and take the GCSE of Advanced Level (A-Level) examination to enter a university, polytechnic or another college of higher education. Advanced Supplementary Levels (AS Levels) give additional knowledge on any subject and they are connected with a particular university or group of universities. Now children 9 be assessed on their class work and homework as well as in the examination room.

The academic year 10 to begin in September. It consists of 3 terms with holidays for Christmas, Easter and the month in August. Еach term has a mid-term one week holiday known as half-term.

Scotland has a slightly different educational system. Children stay in primary school until twelve. They take the Scottish Certificate of Education usually at the age of sixteen which is more like continental European examinations. For less academically inclined children a Certificate of Prevocational Education was introduced in 1986 to prepare for work and vocational courses.

Schooling in the UK

Number of school year		Name of school		Pupils’ age
Reception class Year 1		Infant school	Primary school	5
				6
Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6		Junior school		7
				8
				9
				10
				11
Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11		Secondary school: grammar / comprehensive / technical / modern / public (boarding / normal / mixed)		12
				13
				14
				15
				16
Year 12 Year 13		Sixth form / tertiary college		17
				18
First year / fresher		University or Polytechnic		19
Second year				20
Third / final year				21
	Postgraduate	University		22 23

S chooling is co I mpulsory образование / обучение обязательно

The brightest/the least gifted children самые / наименее способные к обучению дети

А state-funded school школа на государственном обеспечении (бесплатная)

A fee-paying school платная школа

А primary school начальная школа для детей 5-11 лет

Аn infant school I-ая ступень начального образования, школа для детей 5-7 лет

А junior school II-я ступень начального образования, школа для детей 7-11 лет

А secondary comprehensive school средняя общеобразовательная школа

А stream поток

А compulsory attendance cycle период обязательного обучения

А tertiary/sixth-form college подготовительный колледж (среднее учебное заведение для молодежи старше 16 лет, государственное или частное)

А General Certificate of Secondary Educational (GSCE) аттестат о среднем образовании

To assess оценивать

А vocational course курс профессиональной подготовки

GCSE Advanced Level (GCSE A-Level) выпускные экзамены за курс продвинутого уровня

Аn Advanced Supplementary Level курс / экзамен по курсу углубленного изучения предмета

А Certificate of Prevocational Education удостоверение / аттестат о получении начального профессионального образования

Аn academic year учебный год

А mid term one week holiday / half term однонедельные каникулы в середине семестра

1. a ) may b) can c) must

2. а) should b) are to c) ought to

3. а) should b) need c) ought to

4. a) are allowed b) can c) must

5. a) need b) may c) can

6. a) may b) must c) is able

7. a) should b) have to c) are able

8. a) are b) have c) are allowed

9. a) may b) can c) are able

10. a) ought b) is c) may

1. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (THE PASSIVE VOICE) *

Временные формы глагола в страдательном залоге употребляются по тем же правилам, что и в действительном залоге: Indefinite / Perfect (Present / Past / Future) NB.! Имеются только две формы Continuous (Present / Past) Основная формулa to be + Participle II
Система настоящих времен (Present Tenses)	Характер действия
	Факт	Процесс	Результат
	Основная формула to be + Participle II	Основная формула to be + being + Participle II	Основная формула to have + been + Participle II
	Present Indefinite Tense Основная формула am/is/are+Participle II*	Present Continuous Tense Основная формула am / is / are + being + Participle II	Present Perfect Tense Основная формула have / has + been + Participle II
	e.g. I am asked. Меня спрашивают. (постоянно)	e.g. I am being asked. Меня спрашивают. (сейчас)	e.g. I have been asked. Меня спросили. (уже сегодня)
Система прошедших времен (Past Tenses)	Past Indefinite Tense Основная формула was / were + Participle II	Past Continuous Tense Основная формула was / were + being + Participle II	Past Perfect Tense Основная формула had + been + been Participle II
	e.g. I was asked at 6 o’clock Меня спросили в 6 часов. (вчера)	e.g. I was being asked. Меня спрашивали. (вчера/в течение какого-то периода времени)	e.g. I had been asked. Меня спросили. (вчера/до наступления дру-гого действия в прошлом)
Система будущих времен (Future Tenses)	Future Indefinite Tense Основная формула shall/will be + Participle II	Future Continuous Tense –	Future Perfect Tense Основная формула shall / will + have been + Participle II
	e.g. I shall be asked. Меня спросят. (завтра)	–	e.g. I shall have been asked. Меня спросят. (завтра / до наступления другого действия)
N.B.! Глагол в форме страдательного залога переводится на русский язык: формой глагола в страдательном залоге: e.g. St. Paul’s Cathedral, the largest protestant church in England, was built in 1710. Собор Св. Павла, самая большая протестантская церковь Англии, (был) построен(a) в 1710 году. формой возвратных глаголов на – сь / – ся. e.g. Westminster Abbey*** is visited by millions of tourists annually. Вестминстерское Аббатство посещается миллионами туристов ежегодно.

*Залог – это форма глагола, которая показывает, является ли подлежащее исполнителем действия (действительный залог) или испытывает на себе действие со стороны другого лица или предмета (страдательный залог), которые часто неизвестны или вводятся предлогами by (для одушевленных лиц) и with (для неодушевленных лиц): e.g. The novel «The Picture of Dorian Gray» was written by George Bernard Shaw. Роман «Портрет Дориана Грея» был написан Джорджем Бернардом Шоу.

** См.: Раздел VI Приложение 1 «Основные формы неправильных знаменательных смысловых глаголов»

*** См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

У пражнение 41. Выберите формы глагола в страдательном залоге, которые не могут быть использованы в предложениях, приведенных ниже:

1. These roses in the garden … three times a week.

1. you should pour b) can be poured c) should be poured

2. The foreign students … many questions about the history of the British.

1. won't be asked b) didn't be asked c) weren't be asked

3. As he does not know English table manners, he … about them.

1. must be informed b) will be informed c) was informed

4. The logs (поленья) … too long for the fireplace. (usually)

   1. were cut b) cut c) are cut

5. Admiral Nelson* … in sea battle against the French Flee in 1805.

1. will be badly wounded b) was badly wounded c) had been badly wounded

6. The book «Oliver Twist» after Ch. Dickens* … everywhere as a rule.

2. is looked for b) looked for c) was looked for

7. Oliver Twist* … at in his childhood.

3. was laughed b) had been laughed c) will be laughed

8. Nora … with the housework.

4. is helped b) will help c) won't be helped

9. The picture «The Hay Wain»* … by John Constable.

5. is painted b) painted c) was painted

10. Vivien Leigh* … by the Oscar Prize for the film «Gone with the wind».

a) was nominated b) had been nominated c) nominated

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* См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

У пражнение 42. Заполните пропуски в тексте подходящими по смыслу грамматическими формами глаголов в страдательном залоге:

E mblems 1 as a simple way of identifying countries, companies, organizations in the UK. Each country of the UK has its own Patron Saint and a floral national emblem, as well as its own flag. A red rose 2 England’s national emblem. Roses 3 as emblems during the Wars of the Roses, civil wars (1455-1485) between the Royal House of Lancaster (whose emblem was a red rose) and the Royal House of York (whose emblem was a white rose). Afterwards, they organized the Tudor Rose. Originally the Tudor Rose introduced by Henry III was a symbol of the Tudor family when its members were the kings and queens of England (1485-1603). Other emblems include a bulldog often wearing a Union Jack waistcoat – John Bull, an old fashioned fat country gentlemаn.

Two plants, the leek and the daffodil* 4 as national emblems of Wales. On the first of March each year one can see people walking around London with leeks and daffodils pinned to their coats. The Welsh put them into the hole button on the 1^st of M arch, a holiday in honour of the Saint of Wales. St. David was an abbot and became the Saint Patron of Wales in the sixth century. The name «David» is equivalent to the Saint’s Welsh name «Dewi». This Saint was known traditionally as a «Waterman», which means that he and his monks were teetotallers. A teetotaler is someone who drinks no alcohol. The vegetable called leek is also considered to be a traditional emblem of Wales. There are many explanations of how the leek came to be adopted as the national emblem of Wales. One is that St. David advised the Welsh, on the eve of battle with the Saxons, to wear leeks in their caps to distinguish friends from enemies.

T he thistle*, a prickly-leaved purple flower, 5 as a national emblem of Scotland not by chance many years ago. People used it in the XVIII^th century as a symbol of Defense. The answer can 6 in the history of the country. The thorn 7 by the people of Scotland, because it had saved their land from invaders. The legend says that during the surprise night attack by the invaders the Scottish soldiers 8 by the shouts of the invaders as their bare feet touched the thorns of the thistles in the field they were crossing. This is a good reason to choose the thistle as a national emblem! The thistle is an official emblem, but a tartan pattern 9 on many Scottish products. The Scottish bluebell is also seen as the flower of Scotland.

T he national flower of Northern Ireland is the shamrock*, a three-leaved plant similar to clover. An Irish tale tells of how Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Trinity. He used its sermons to represent how the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit could all exist as separate elements of the same entity. His followers adopted the custom of wearing a shamrock on his feast day. The shamrock and the harp 10 with the Republic of Ireland.

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* См.: Раздел VI Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

The Tudor Rose Роза Тюдоров

А waistcoat жилетка

A shamrock [‘ʃæmrɒk] трилистник, разновидность клевера

A leek лук-порей

A daffodil [‘dæfədil] нарцисс

Оne can see people walking around London with leeks and daffodils pinned to their coats. В Лондоне встречаются люди, на одежде которых прикреплены лук-пореей или нарциссы.

A thistle [θisl] чертополох

А symbol of Defense символ защиты

А thorn чертополох

А surprise night attack внезапное ночное нападение

A monk [mɒŋk] монах

A teetotaler [,ti:’təυt(ə)lə] трезвенник

A clover [’kləυvə] клевер

The Trinity [‘triniti] Святая Троица

He used its sermons to represent how the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit could all exist as separate elements of the same entity. Он использовал его семена, чтобы объяснить единство Сына, Отца и Святого Духа, как они все существуют как отдельные элементы одного целого.

1. a ) are widely used b) were widely using c) will be widely used

2. а) will be considered b) is considered c) was considered

3. a) were adopted b) has been adopted c) are adopted

4. a) have been taken b) are taken c) had been taken

5. a) is chosen b) was chosen c) were chosen

6. a) is found b) was found c) be found

7. a) was pointed out b) is pointed out c) had been pointed out

8. a) are awoken b) is awoken c) were awoken

9. a) is designed b) be designed c) has been designed

10. a) were associated b) are associated c) was associated

Упражнение 43. Заполните пропуски в тексте подходящими по смыслу формами глаголов в страдательном залоге:

The thing is thаt private schools 1 public in the UK. Why? When only the rich people could get education many years ago, special schools 2 for the poor by charities, special organizations collecting money for people in need. As it were public money, such schools 3 public schools. In the course of history they became very successful and turned into expensive private educational establishments, but the conservative Britain continued to call them as earlier.

P ublic schools* 4 as either all-boys or all-girls now. They can be full boarding, where pupils live the whole academic year except holidays; normal, when students return home every day; and mixed, the pupils there can stay or go home.

The first thing you need know is money as up £ 20 000 a year 5 at some public schools. Only about six per cent of the British can afford them. The grants 6 for bright children but competition is very high. The next point is to belong to the right class as the class system is still very important. So public education is a privilege of the middle and upper classes.

The backbone of the independent educational sector 7 by public schools. The most famous public schools are Eton, Harrow, Rugby. Among several hundred public schools the most famous are the «Clarendon Nine»: Winchester (founded in 1382), Eton (1440), St. Paul's (1509), Shrewsbury (1552), Westminster (1560), the Merchant Taylor’s (1561), Rugby (1567), Harrow (1571), Charterhouse (1611).

The golden age of the public schools 8 in the end of the 19^th century. They were vital to establishment of a particular outlook and set values by the dominant professional classes. Its emphasis 9 on making of gentlemen to enter one of the professions: law, medicine, the Church, the civil service or colonial service. A career in commerce, or «mere man making» 10.

Many parents want to send their children to public schools. These schools have special register lists. Eton maintains two lists: one for children of «old boys» (their leavers) and the other for outsiders. But such schools are careful not to expand to meet demand.

This rush to private education is despite the steep rise in fees. In order to obtain a place in a public school, children must take a competitive examination, called «Common Entrance». In order to pass it, most children destined for a public school education attend a preparatory (or а prep') school until the age of 13. Most candidates have to attend an interview, do well at primary school and pass a test.

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* См.: Раздел V Иллюстрированный глоссарий «Социокультурной портрет Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии»

A public school «паблик скул» - привилегированная частная средняя школа закрытого типа, не зависящая от местных органов образования, для детей из средних/высших слоев общества

To be funded for the poor by charities финансироваться в помощь бедным на деньги от благотворительнных организаций

To turn into expensive private educational establishments превратиться в образовательные учреждения с высокой платой за обучение

All-boys / all-girls / full boarding / normal / mixed schools только для мальчиков / только для девочек / интернаты/стандартные / смешанного типа школы

To charge назначать цену

To afford позволять

A grant for bright children грант / дотация / субсидия для одаренных детей

A privilege of the middle and upper classes преимущественное право/привилегия для представителей среднего и высшего классов общества

A backbone основа

Making of gentlemen to enter one of the professions: law, medicine, the Church, the civil service or colonial service. Bоспитание джентльмена для овладения профессиями в области юриспруденции, медицины, церковннослужения, государственной и колониальной службы.

«Common Entrance» вступительный экзамен в частную среднюю школу закрытого типа

1. a) be called b) were called c) are called

2. а) are funded b) were funded c) will be funded

3. a) were named b) were being named c) had been named

4. a) had been run b) are being run c) are run

5. a) is charged b) are charged c) were charged

6. a) are set b) were set c) will be set

7. a) had been formed b) are formed c) is formed

8. a) is marked b) was marked c) is being marking

9. a) was put b) was being put c) had been put

10. a) is considered b) was considered c) was not considered