Мистецтво

The variety of arts is unlimited. What do you prefer: cinema, theatre, painting, music? Why?

Art is defined in encyclopedias as the process and result of making material works, which reflect beauty or reality. The 'creative arts' denote a number of disciplines whose purpose is to create material things which reflect a message, mood, and symbols for the viewer to interpret.

Art includes various forms such as prose writing, poetry, dance, acting, sculpture, painting, music, etc. The term 'arts' often means 'fine arts' — painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving. Installation art, furniture, industrial design, graphic design and others are included in applied arts. There are a variety of arts, including visual arts and design, decorative arts, plastic arts, and the performing arts. Artistic expression may take many forms: painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, music and architecture. New forms include photography, film, video art, conceptual art, performance art, land art, fashion, comics, computer art. Within each form, a wide range of genres may exist.

Of all the forms of art, I prefer painting and music. I am really interested in painting for several reasons. Firstly, it is one of the oldest forms of art. Humans have been painting for about 6 times as long as they have been writing. The oldest painting found is over 32,000 years old. Painting is a form of art which is believed by many to express feelings and ideas in the visual form. Using visual images — colours, light and shade, forms and shape, a painter makes us understand his concept of life, share his feelings and enjoy the beauty of the world. Secondly, painting offers you a wide choice of styles, it allows us to be as specific or abstract as we please. From the wide range of various art schools and styles (realism, impressionism, cubism, fauvism, surrealism, modernism, pop art, etc.) you can choose one to your liking. The art schools I prefer are realism and impressionism, as I think they depict form and mood in the most distinct and vivid way.

The second form of art I am really keen on is music. The term 'music' is difficult to define. It can be explained, for example, as the art of making pleasing combinations of sounds in rhythm, harmony and counterpoint. The music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence of performers. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Firstly, music helps me relax and relieve stress. When I listen to music, classical, jazz, rap or any other type of music I enjoy, I forget about the troubles of everyday life; music provides an escape from everyday problems. Stress melts away as I am taken in by the beauty of the music. It can help me feel calm and deeply relaxed. Secondly, music affects my emotions. Each type of music sets distinct mood and changes mine. In doing so, it appeals both to my mind and to the subconscious. Whether I am feeling sad, frustrated or confused, I listen to merry or tender music, and my mood shifts.

There are many divisions and groupings of music. Among the larger genres are classical music, popular music or commercial music, country music and folk music. Classical music is sophisticated and refined, but it is a universal form of communication, it historically was the music of the upper strata of society. Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public; it is mostly distributed commercially. It is sometimes abbreviated to pop music, although pop music is more often used for a narrower branch of popular music. Pop music is usually memorable, with voices, lyrics, instruments creating catchy tunes. Pop music attracts listeners through easy sound images.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. З усього безмежного різноманіття видів мистецтва я волію живопис і музику.

2. Мистецтво користується популярністю у багатьох людей, оскільки воно відображає красу світу.

3. Образотворчі мистецтва включають живопис, малюнок, гравюру, скульптуру і ряд прикладних видів мистецтва, таких як інсталяція, промисловий дизайн, графічний дизайн і т. д.

4. Художнє вираження приймає традиційні форми, такі як живопис, скульптура, музика і архітектура, а також ряд нових форм, таких як фотографія, відеоісскусство, концептуальне мистецтво, ландшафтний дизайн і т. д.

5. Зорові образи, які використовує художник, такі як колір, світло, тінь, форма, виражають його бачення життя.

6. Найважливішими елементами музики є звуки, ритм, гармонія і контрапункт.

7. Музика включає безліч жанрів (різновидів), таких як популярна, або комерційна музика, музика кантрі, класична музика.

8. Класична музика раніше була музикою вищих верств суспільства, популярна музика доступна широкій аудиторії.

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

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Museums and Art Galleries of Moscow

Speaking about art galleries of Moscow we must mention the most famous galleries.

The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture galleries in Russia. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow merchant. In the 19th century Tretyakov began to collect Russian paintings. He visited all the exhibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian paintings.

In 1881 Tretyakov opened gallery in St.-Petersburg to the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then the gallery has received hundred paintings from other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallery reflects the whole history of Russian paintings from the 11th century to the present day.

State Pushkin museum of fine art also is one of the famous and largest museum in Russia. The building was built in Greek style by Roman Klein in 1898-1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded by the initiative of professor Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has been known as the Pushkin museum of fine art. It has one of the world's largest ancient collections of European art. Now the picture gallery has over 2 thousands works of various schools of painting.

The Pushkin museum periodically holds exhibition of the art of various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present.

The Tretyakov Gallery

Moscow is replete with art galleries and museums. Yet there is one gallery that remains a symbol of Russian art. It is the world-famous Tretyakov Gallery.

The founder of the gallery was the entrepreneur Pavel Tretyakov (1832—1898), who was from the merchant class. Beginning in 1856, Tretyakov had a hobby of collecting works by the Russian artists of his time. He was a famous patron of the arts who helped to support the "peredvizhniki" (a movement consisting of realistic painters in the second half of the 19th century). Toward this goal, he intended to purchase a collection from a St. Petersburg collector, Fyodor Pryanishnikov, and, having added his own collection, created a museum. The government bought Pryanishnikov's gallery in 1867, but Tretyakov gradually acquired an excellent collection, exceeding all other collections in Russia in its volume and quality.

In 1892, Pavel Tretyakov donated his entire collection to Moscow. His brother Sergey Tretyakov (1834—1892) was also a collector, but only of Western European paintings.

The brothers' collections were at ,the core of the Moscow Municipal Art Gallery, which opened on August 15,1893. At first, it contained 1,287 paintings and 518 pieces of graphic art by Russian artists, as well as 75 paintings by Western European artists.

Later, the Western European paintings in the Tretyakov Gallery were transferred to the Hermitage and the A. S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, and the Tretyakov Gallery began to specialize exclusively in Russian art.

After 1918, the Tretyakov collection grew many times with the inclusion of the collection of Ilya Ostroukhov (1858— 1929), an artist, paintings of the Russian school from the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum, and many private collections. Presently, the gallery is being improved by carefully planned purchases. Already more than 55 thousand works are kept there. There is the rich collection of ancient Russian icon painting of the 12th—17th centuries including Andrei Rublyov's famous "Trinity", as well as significant works of painting and sculpture of the 18th — 19th centuries — paintings by Dmitriy Levitskiy, Fyodor Rokotov, Karl Bryullov, Orest Kiprenskiy, Alexander Ivanov (including his wellknown canvas "The Appearance of Christ Before the People"), Ivan Kramskoy, and sculptures by Fedot Shubin.

The gallery has an excellent selection of the best works by the "peredvizhniki": Ilya Repin (including "Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan"), Victor Vasnetsov, Ivan Shishkin, Vasiliy Surikov ("The Morning of the Strelets Execution"), Vasiliy Vereshchagin and others.

The blossoming of many areas of Russian art at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is also well represented.

Suffice it to name such artists of the period as Mikhail Vrubel, Isaak Levitan, Nicholas Rerikh, Alexander Benua, Mikhail Nesterov, Konstantin Korovin, Mstislav Dobuzhinskiy, Konstantin Somov, Valentin Serov, Boris Kustodiev and Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. After the relatively short period of the 1910's— 1920's, new movements in art — futurism, cubism, etc. — were quickly developed.

Such an artistic movement as socialist realism also produced a number of talented and original artists. This trend is represented by works of Alexander Deineka, Arkadiy Plastov, Yuri Pimenov, Dmitriy Nalbandyan, and others.

The main building of the gallery includes the renovated Tretyakov home and several buildings that were attached to it at various times. The main facade of the building was erected in 1902 according to plans by the artist Victor Vasnetsov. In 1994, the Tretyakov Gallery opened after 10 years of restoration. This was not just a facelift to the building; the interior and technical equipment were brought up to the highest standards of quality, which is as it should be, since it contains so many treasures of Russian art.

Questions:

1. What gallery in Moscow is a symbol of Russian art?

2. Who was the founder of the gallery?

3. What did he make his hobby?

4. Whom did he support?

5. What did P. Tretyakov intend to do?

6. Who bought Pryanishnikov's gallery in 1867?

7. What did P. Tretyakov do with his collection in 1892?

8. His brother Sergey Tretyakov was a collector of Western European paintings, wasn't he?

9. When was the Moscow Municipal Art Gallery opened?

10. What did it contain at first?

11. Where were the Western European paintings transferred?

12. The Tretyakov collection grew many times after 1918, didn't it?

13. How is the gallery being improved now?

14. How many works are kept there now?

15. What collections are extremely rich and beautiful in the gallery?

16. Are new art movements of the 1910's—1920's represented in the gallery?

17. When was the main facade of the gallery erected? According to whose plans was it erected?

18. When was the Tretyakov Gallery opened after 10 years of restoration? What does its interior look like after the restoration?

Vocabulary:

replete - наповнений

entrepreneur - підприємець

patron - покровитель

to intend - намірятися

to purchase - купувати

to acquire - набувати

to exceed - перевищувати, перевершувати

volume - об'єм, кількість

to donate - передавати в дар

entire - повний, цілий, весь

exclusively - виключно, тільки

inclusion - включення, приєднання

suffice it to name - досить назвати

futurism - футуризм

cubism - кубізм

facade - фасад

facelift - зовнішнє оновлення, косметичний ремонт (будівлі)

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

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Art and culture

The Oxford Advancer Learner's Dictionary of Current English by Hornby gives us the following definition of the notion "art". ""Art" is the creation or expression of what is beautiful, especially in visual form. Drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music, ballet belong to the fine art".

Really when something is extremely beautiful or has great cultural value, we say: "It's art". Art has always been occupation for the few, but has been admired by many. Art reflects feelings and emotions, brings delight and admiration, and makes life pure as it wakens our best hidden qualities. Speaking about arts, we connect this notion with culture. According to the dictionary culture of a community or nation includes all the arts, beliefs and social institutions characteristic of a community or nation. We can speak about either material, or spiritual culture. Art is both.

Russia is a country that can rightfully boast its artistic and cultural traditions, its art galleries attract huge crowds of tourists from all over the world. St. Petersburg is a precious stone in the crown of Russian cities. The Hermitage is famous all over the world for its valuable rare collections of canvases and other art objects covering a span of about seven hundreds years and comprising masterpieces of by Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Raphael, Rembrandt, and Rubens. The collections illustrate the art of Italy, Spain, Holland, Germany, France, Britain, and Sweden. The West - European Department also includes a fine collection of European Sculpture. People come to admire the collections of tapestry, precious textiles, weapons, ivory, pottery, porcelain and furniture as well.

The Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the Russian Museum should be mentioned by all means. This picture gallery was founded by a Russian merchant and a connoisseur of art Pavel Tretyakov in the 19th century. He was especially fond of the works of Peredvizhniki or Wanders- the artists who belonged to the Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions such as Kramskoy, Perov, Ghe and other great Russian painters. The Tretyakov Gallery reflects the whole history of Russian Art. It has a rich collection of early Russian painting including famous icon. The world famous "The Trinity" by Andrey Rublev is exhibited in the gallery.

Speaking about art one should not forget about music, especially classic music. Outstanding Russian composers make the whole world admire their music. One can find a man, who does not know Pyotr Ilyich Tchaicovsky, Michail Glinka, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - the prominent composers of 19th century, and Sergey Rachmaninov, Sergey Prokofiev and Dmitriy Shostakovich.

It was Glinka (1804-1857) who laid the foundation for modern Russian music; his music expressed the temperament of Russian people. His two best known operas "Ivan Susanin" and "Ruslan and Ludmila" were based on Russian folklore and historical legends.

The most famous ballets "Swan Lake", "The Sleeping Beauty", "The Nutcracker" and not less famous operas "The Queen of Spades", "Eugene Onegin" are still excellently staged and performed not only in Russian but in many greatest theatres in the world.

Russia is world famous for its literature. The "golden age" of Russian literature began in the 19th century when such outstanding masters of letters such as Alexander Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, and Dostoyevsky created their immortal masterpieces.

Alexander Pushkin, the father of Russian Literature was the authors of more than 700 lyrical poems. He wrote also the volumes of dramatic works, short stories, made adaptations of Russian fairy-tales.

Russia is famous for its architecture. The real jewel of architecture is the Moscow Kremlin with its cathedrals, towers and red brick walls. Just outside the Kremlin walls stands St. Basil's Cathedral, one of the world most astonishing buildings with 8 domes of different designs and colors.

St. Petersburg has great number of real masterpieces of architecture of different styles and is definitely worth visiting and being admired.

Russia is rich also in young talents, new Russian culture is forming. It will appear on the basis of the old one, but its essence will be new. We can hear new voices in music and poetry, new canvases of modern artists, great actors and film directors.

All of them will make their contribution into Russian Culture and Art.Painting

There are a lot of kinds of art. The example of classical art are the masterpieces of painting and sculpture which are admired by people at picture galleries and museums. Recently another kind of art has appeared. It is cold graffiti and it is favored by the young people mostly but some grownups like it too. At first graffiti was considered to be an example of anti-social behavior, the works of vandal. The first graffiti appeared on the walls of poor neighbor hoods and subway trains. Very often the graffiti slogans were unsightly and aggressive. Many people looks upon graffiti as the work of vandals that should be punishable by fines. Since those days graffiti has changed a lot. Nowadays it has a status of street art and you can get graffiti in unexpected places: for example on toys, on clothes. One of the graffiti lovers has his own web-site devote only to the world of graffiti. Today many companies realize the appeal of graffiti at advertising because it has energy and it became a symbol of survival.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Everyone agrees that Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the greatest of all painters. His painting "The Last Supper" is probably the. most famous painting in the world. But Leonardo would be famous if he had never painted a stroke. For he was also a great inventor. He invented the wheelbarrow, the military tank, and roller bearings. He made plans for dozens of weapons and machines. He even experimented with airplane and submarine modes.

Besides, Leonardo was great as a scientist and engineer. He was also a poet, a musician, and a sculptor. Perhaps no other person in history has ever learned so much in a lifetime. Certainly no one ever deserved more to be called a genius.

Leonardo was born in the village of Vinci in Italy. As a small boy he lived most of the time with his fathers parents. Leonardo was a beautiful boy, with curly hair and bright blue eyes.

When his father found out that the boy was interested in painting, he sent him to an excellent painter and teacher. One day Leonardo painted a beautiful angel in one of his teacher's pictures. "You are a greater painter than Г, said the teacher, "I will paint no more"

In a few years Leonardo's father decided that he would pay no more to the teacher. His son, he thought, was spending too much time studying rocks and plants, watching birds to find out how their bodies work, and building models of machines. But Leonardo stayed on as his teachers helper. He stayed till he was nearly 25. Then he set out to paint for himself, first in Florence, then in Milan and Venice, and at the end of his life in France.

Leonardo had ideas that other painters liked to copy. "Let them" he said, "I will originate. They can copy".

Thus great painter left behind only a few paintings, he had many ideas for pictures and made many wonderful pen and ink sketches. But he had so many other interests that he found it hard to sit and paint for hours at a time.

Some of his paintings have been lost because he liked to experiment. He used colours mixed with wax to paint a wonderful mural of a cavalry battle, but the wax melted and the picture was ruined.

"The Last Supper" is on the wall of a chapel in Milan. This picture was famous long before it was finished.

There is such beauty in Leonardo's paintings that they are as hard to describe as beautiful music. The faces of his people are full of expression. He used light and shade in a new way to make people look very lifelike.

One of Leonardo's paintings is called "Mona Liza". It is the picture of a woman with a faint smile on her face. The painting was ordered by the woman's husband. But Leonardo liked it so much that he kept it for himself. He took it to France with him when he went to spend the last years of his life as a court painter to the king of France. Now it is one of the greatest treasures of the Louvre in Paris.

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

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