- •М.В. Жесткова, с.Я. Никитина
- •Самара 2007
- •Contents
- •Grammar review
- •To have
- •In the computer room
- •When did you decide to pursue a cs/is degree?
- •Grammar review
- •The internet
- •Computers in our life
- •Common computer applications
- •Computer applications on railways
- •Grammar review
- •What is a computer?
- •Types of computers
- •Микрокомпьютер
- •Мейнфрейм
- •Analog and digital computers
- •Grammar review
- •Hardware
- •(1) The Central Processing Unit
- •(2) Storage Devices
- •Internal Memory
- •(3) Input Devices
- •(4) Output Devices
- •The definition of mechanical brain
- •Grammar review
- •Software
- •(A) програмmное обеспечение компьютера
- •(B) популярные операционные системы windows
- •Macintosh
- •(1) Introduction
- •(2) Early Efforts
- •(3) Video Games
- •(4) Nintendo And Competitors
- •(5) Computer Games
- •(6) Advantages of Computer Games
- •(7) Popular Computer Games
- •Grammar review
- •Part I (Prehistory)
- •Part II (The Computer of the 19th Century)
- •As far as I know; In fact; It is hard to say; To my mind; In my opinion I believe; I suppose.
- •(1) Charles babbage
- •(2) Augusta ada king, countess of lovelace
- •Grammar review
- •Babbage's dream come true Part I (The Harvard Mark I)
- •Part II (colossus, eniac, edvac)
- •Computerland
- •Grammar review
- •Deep blue
- •The pc revolution Part I
- •Part III
- •People who changed the computer world Part I
- •Part II
- •Part III
- •Part IV
- •Наступление персональных компьютеров
- •Enjoy yourself
- •(2) Mother should have warned you!
- •(3) Bill gates in heaven
- •(4) 10 Programmers
- •(5) What if dr. Suess wrote a manual?
- •How modern are you?
- •Краткий грамматический справочник
- •§ 1. Личные и притяжательные местоимения Personal and Possessive Pronouns
- •§ 2. Глагол to be
- •§ 3. Глагол to have
- •§ 5. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного (Possessive Case)
- •§ 6. Существительное в функции определения (Noun as Attributive)
- •§ 7. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •§ 8. Основные формы глагола
- •§ 9. Времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах
- •Tenses in Active Voice
- •Tenses in Passive Voice
- •§ 10. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 11. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 12. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (Equivalents of Modal Verbs)
- •§ 13. Причастие (The Participle)
- •Participle I
- •Participle II
- •§ 14. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •§ 15. Функции слов с окончанием -ing в предложении
- •§ 16. Функции слов с окончанием -ed в предложении
- •§ 17. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •§ 18. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 19. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 20. Порядок слов в утвердительных предложениях
- •§ 21. Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях
- •§ 22. Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях
- •§ 23. Условные придаточные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •§ 24. Наиболее распространенные служебные слова
- •Библиографический список
(3) Input Devices
Input hardware consists of external devices – i.e. components outside of the computer's CPU – that are used to enter information and instructions into a computer for storage or processing. The purpose of an input device is to convert incoming data into binary code (i.e. combinations of 0s and 1s) understandable to a digital computer. The most common input devices are a keyboard and a mouse.
A keyboard is a device with buttons or keys that a user presses to enter text, commands, numbers, or other data into a computer. The most used English-language keyboard is called QWERTY. (It was created by an American inventor and printer Christopher Sholes in the late 1860s.) QWERTY is not a word. It is the first six letters in the top alphabet row on a keyboard. That combination of letters is often used to name the standard keyboard in contrast to other keyboards. The minimum number of keys on a board is 44 but modern keyboards may have more than 100 buttons.
A mouse is a mechanical or optical hand-held device. It has two/three buttons and a sсroll wheel on the top as well as a rolling ball or an optical sensor in its base. To move the cursor on the display screen, the user moves the mouse around on a flat surface. When the cursor reaches the required location, the user presses the right or left button on the mouse once or twice. Clicking the button, the user can select operations, activate commands, create or change images on the screen.
A trackball, joystick, light pen, and laser scanner also refer to input devices.
A trackball is an inverted mouse. (See Figure 5) The only functional difference between a mechanical mouse and a trackball is in how the ball is moved. With a mouse, the ball is rolled by moving the whole unit over a desktop or other surface. With a trackball, the user rotates the ball itself while the unit is stationary. One of the main advantages of a trackball is that it takes little desktop surface. Figure 5
Trackball
A joystick is a pointing device used primarily for playing computer video games. A joystick usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical lever. Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the lever. The lever can be moved in multiple directions to control the movement of a cursor or other graphical object on the screen.
A light pen (or stylus) is a device like an ordinary pen that can be used to write text or draw an image directly on a special screen or to select information on the screen by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen. Light pens are often used in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technology.
An optical scanner is used to enter graphics as well as typeset characters. This device reads images such as a picture or text on a printed page and translates them into binary numbers that the CPU can use. For example, a photograph can be scanned into a computer and then included in a text document created on that computer.
A microphone and a voice recognition unit can be also used to feed data into the computer. A microphone is a device converting sound into signals that can then be stored, manipulated, and reproduced by the computer. A voice recognition module is a device that converts spoken words into information that the computer can recognize and process.