III. Oral practice.

Discussion points.

1. Programming and coding.

2. Stages in programming.

IV. Reading and translation.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary in writing.

Programming

The word “program” has come into use to refer to the sequence of instructions which a computer carries out. A program for a computer is an exact sequence of instructions that it uses to solve a problem. It usually consists of subroutines or subprograms which are portions of it.

Programming for automatic computer requires a good deal of ¹ knowledge, common sense,² and training. Specially, programming requires: (1) understanding the operations of a business or the steps of a scientific calculation; (2) understanding the best way for having a computer carry out these operations and steps; (3) arriving at a good sequence of commands for the computer to solve the problem; and (4) adequately translating these commands into the computer language.

Programming for the computers has several forms. One form is the construction of compiling programs or compilers – which use the computer to take subprograms out of a library and link them together appropriately so as to solve a new problem. A second form is the construction of programs called interpreters which accept instructions in certain standard words and translate these words into a machine language, so that the machine “knows” what the words “mean”. A third form is the development of common languages for automatic programming for problems, so that any problem when expressed in such a language can be given to any automatic computer, and the computer will translate the common language into its own instruction code, and then solve the problem.

Notes:

¹ a good deal of – багато

² common sense – здоровий глузд

Ключі

Unit I

Ex. 2.

1 – 1; 2 – 1; 3 – 1; 4 – 1; 5 – 2; 6 – 3; 7 – 4.

Ex. 3.

1 – b; 2 – b; 3 – a.

Ex. 4.

1 – calculating device; 2 – to invent; 3 – easy ways of calculating; 4 – multiplying and dividing; 5 – calculus; 6 – to save; 7 – to make mistakes; 8 – to design; 9 – analog computer; 10 – digital computer.

Ex. 5.

1 – F, 2 – T; 3 – T; 4 – F; 5 – T; 6 – T.

Ex. 6.

1 – 1; 2 – 1; 3 – 1; 4 – 1; 5 – 2; 6 – 2; 7 – 3; 8 – 3; 9 – 4.

Unit II

Ex. 2.

1 – 1; 2 – 2; 3 – 2; 4 – 3; 5 – 4; 6 – 5.

Ex. 3.

1. aircraft company ; 2. inventor of the modern computer ; 3. automatic calculators; 4. basic elements; 5. intermediate results; 6. contemporaries; 7. successors; 8. programmable digital computer; 9. binary floating-point number; 10. 64-word memory; 11. chess-playing program.

Ex. 4.

1 – T; 2 – F; 3 – T; 4 – F; 5 – T; 6 – F.

Ex. 5.

1 – 2; 2 – 2; 3 – 2; 4 – 2; 5 – 3; 6 – 4; 7 – 4; 8 – 5.

Unit III

Ex. 2.

1- 1; 2 – 2; 3 – 3; 4 – 4; 5 – 5; 6 – 6.

Ex. 3.

1 – mathematical calculations; 2 – set of instructions; 3 – programmable computers; 4 – speed; 5 – computational power; 6 – to hold; 7 – address books; 8 – computer networks; 9 – to equip; 10 – word processing; 11 – internal memory; 12 – keyboard; 13 – mouse; 14 – liquid crystal display; 15 – hardware and software; 16 – exchange data; 17 – interconnected computers.

Ex. 4.

1 – T; 2 – F; 3 – T; 4 – F; 5 – T; 6 – T.

Ex. 5.

1 – 1; 2 – 2; 3 – 2; 4 – 3; 5 – 3; 6 – 4; 7 – 5; 8 – 6.

Unit IV

Ex. 2.

1 – 1, 2; 2 – 2; 3 – 3,5; 4 – 4; 5 – 4.

Ex. 3.

1 – a network; 2 – communication devices; 3 – to broadcast information; 4 – to switch messages; 5 – current salary of employees; 6 – a decentralized network; 7 – payroll records; 8 – to do smth. manually; 9 – a wide variety of areas; 10 – recreation; 11 – informational exchange; 12 – commercial transactions; 13 – resources and services; 14 – local providers; 15 – to provide.

Ex. 4.

1 – 3; 2 – 4; 3 – 4; 4 – 4; 5 – 4; 6 – 1.

Ex. 5.

1 – T; 2 – T; 3 – T; 4 – F; 5 – T; 6 – F.

Ex. 6.

1 – 1 ; 2 – 2 ; 3 – 3 ; 4 – 4 ; 5 – 4 ; 6 – 4 ; 7 – 5.

Unit V

Ex. 2.

1 – 1 ; 2 – 2, 3 ; 3 – 4 ; 4 – 5 ; 5 – 6 ; 6 – 7.

Ex. 3.

1 – computer processing ; 2 – input device ; 3 – a typewriter ; 4 – a hand held device ; 5 – to push a button ; 6 – menu selection ; 7 – the light pen; 8 – input hardware; 9 – to retrieve; 10 – the Central Processing Unit; 11 – main memory; 12 – processing; 13 – highly sophisticated tasks; 14 – temporary storing data; 15 – small capacity; 16 – graphics; 17 – softcopy output.

Ex. 4.

1 – hardware; 2 – input hardware; 3 – the mouse; 4 – input hardware; 5 – processing hardware; 6 – the Central Processing Unit; 7 – memory; 8 – storage hardware; 9 – CD ROM; 10 – modem.

Ex. 5.

1 – F; 2 – T; 3 – F; 4 – T; 5 – T; 6 – T; 7 – F; 8 – T.

Ex. 6.

1 – 1 ; 2 – 1 ; 3 – 2,3 ; 4 – 2 ; 5 – 4,5 ; 6 – 4 ; 7 – 6 ; 8 – 7.

Unit VI

Ex. 2.

1 – 1 ; 2 – 1 ; 3 – 2 ; 4 – 3 ; 4 – 4 ; 5 – 5.

Ex. 3.

1 – directing the operation of a computer ; 2 – to compare ; 3 – fall into ; 4 – to turn on a computer ; 5 – to boot the programme ; 6 – memory capacity ; 7 – to design ; 8 – peripheral ; 9 – to install ; 10 – applications software ; 11 – marketing research strategies ; 12 – to do one’s best ; 13 – data communication ; 14 – error checking.

Ex. 4.

1 – software; 2 – computer programs; 3 – a computer; 4 – an operating system; 5 – communications software; 6 – a computer.

Ex. 5.

1 – F; 2 – T; 3 – F; 4 – T; 5 – F; 6 – T.

Ex. 6.

1 – 1; 2 – 1 ; 3 – 1 ; 4 – 2 ; 5 – 2 ; 6 – 3 ; 7 – 4 ; 8 – 5 .

Unit VII

Ex. 2.

1 – 2 ; 2 – 3 ; 3 – 4 ; 4 – 5 ; 5 – 6.

Ex. 3.

1 – a program ; 2 – a code ; 3 – a procedure ; 4 – programming ; 5 – instruction format.

Ex. 4.

1 – stages of programming ; 2 – it should be pointed out ; 3 – three-adress format ; 4 – the complete list ; 5 – the actual coding ; 6 – a single error ; 7 – the rest of the bits ; 8 – octal numbers ; 9 – to get the code into the memory ; 10 – to detect ; 11 – without loosing the sight.

Ex. 5 .

1 – T; 2 – T; 3 – F; 4 – F; 5 – T; 6 – T; 7 – F.

Ex. 6.

1 – 2 ; 2 – 2 ; 3 – 2 ; 4 – 3 ; 5 – 3 ; 6 – 3 ; 7 – 6 ; 8 – 6 ; 9 – 6 ; 10 – 4 ; 11 – 4 ; 12 – 5.