Дроздова.English Grammar

2. INDIRECT COMMAND AND REQUEST

An order or request in Indirect Speech is expressed by the Infinitive.

The verbs most commonly used to introduce indirect orders are: to tell, to order, to command. Requests are usually introduced bythe verb to ask. More emotional forms are: to beg, to implore (умолять), to urge (настаивать, уговаривать).

STUDY THE FOLLOWING CHART

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

The mother said to the lazy son, “Wake up!”

Father said to me, “Remember to post these letters.”

I said to Nick, “Shut the door, please.”

Mother said to the children, “Don’t ever enter this room.”

The mother told the lazy son to wake up.

Father reminded me to post those letters.

I asked Nick to shut the door.

Mother warned the children not to enter the room.

EXERCISE

Ex. 1. (A, B) Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech. Decide whether to use “told" or “asked”, or whether either of these two verbs is suitable.

1. Mary said to her brother, “Take the letter to the Post Office, please.” 2. The teacher said to Tom, “Collect the exercise-books and put them on mytable.” 3. The old man said to the little girl, “Don’t run across the street.” 4. The teacher said to the pupils, “Learn the poem by heart.” 5. I said to my friend, “Meet me outside the cinema at six o’clock.” 6. Mary’s mother said to her, “Don’t go out without your coat.” 7. The teacher said to the students, “Open your books at page 60.” 8. The doctor said to the sick man, “Don’t go back to work for a fortnight.” 9. Jack said to the policeman, “Tell me the time, please.”

Ex. 2. (A, B)Translate the sentences from Russian to English.

1. Я попросил Джека дать мне его словарь. 2. Кондуктор сказал пассажирам не выскакивать (get off) из автобуса на ходу, (while/go) 3. Учитель попросил студента стереть с доски. 4. Мама попросила меня закрыть окно. 5. Он напомнил мне отправить письмо. 6. Отец запретил детям входить в его кабинет. 7. Инспектор предупредил (warn) нас, что здесь стоянка запрещена, (to park) 8. Гид посоветовал нам заглянуть и в этот небольшой музей.

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3.INDIRECT QUESTIONS

3.1.INDIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS

1.The inversion in the direct question changes to statement word order.

2.If necessary, the tense is changed at the same time.

3.We use if/whether (ли) after ask, want to know, wonder, not know, didn’t say/ tell me.

|yjQjE.	toask smb
	to ask a question
	DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Ann’s mother asked her,		Ann’s mother asked her if
“Are you tired?”		she was tired.
He asked his friend,		He asked his friend if he
“Do you like the wine?”		liked the wine.
I asked Frank,		I asked Frank if he had bought
“Did you buy a new car?”		a new car.
Ann’s father asked her,		Ann’s father asked her whether
“Have you finished the work?”		she had finished the work.
I asked my sister, “Will you go		I asked my sister whether she would
to Italyin summer?”		go to Italy in summer.

EXERCISE

Ex. 1. (A, B) Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. The teacher asked Tom, “Do you come to school by bus or on foot?” 2. A man stopped me in the street and asked, “Have you got a match?” 3. The teacher asked us, “Do you understand the question?” 4. Henry’s father asked his son, “Do you want to be an engineer or a doctor?” 5 .1asked Peter, “Are you going to play football on Friday?” 6. He asked his secretary, “Has the postman been yet?”

Ex. 2. (A, B) Translate the sentences.

1. Гид спросил туристов, не устали ли они. 2. Я спросила своих гостей, хорошо ли они спали. 3. Он поинтересовался, часто ли мы ходим в театр. 4. Он хотел узнать, долго ли работает у нас мистер Долби. 5. Она спросила меня, будет ли на вечеринке Элис. 6.0н$ спросила меня, видел ли яДжона в последнее время. 7. Хозяин отеля поинтересовался, понравился ли мне мой номер. 8. Она спросила, работаем ли мы сейчас.

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3.2. INDIRECT SPECIAL QUESTIONS

An indirect special question is introduced bythe same adverb or pronoun that introduces the direct question.

DIRECT SPEECH

Peter asked, “Who has taken my book?”

I asked the gardener, “What are you planting here this year?”

Nina’s sister asked her, “Who did you meet at the theatre?”

I asked my mother, “What did the teacher say?”

He asked Roger, “When will he come back?”

Ted asked Ron, “Where do your parents live?”

The professor asked his student, “Why haven’tyou donethe home assignment?”

INDIRECT SPEECH

Peter asked who had taken his book.

I asked the gardener what he was planting there that year.

Nina’s sister asked her who she had met at the theatre.

I asked my mother what the teacher had said.

He asked Roger when he would come back.

Ted asked Ron where his parents lived.

The professor asked his student why he hadn’t done his home assignment.

A direct subject-question has the same word order as the statement: □ John paid the waiter. о □ Who paid the waiter?

We keep the same word order when we report a subject-question, though if it is necessary,

we change the tense.
□ The policeman asked, “Who left this	□ The policeman asked who (had) left
car here?”	that car there.
□ The teacher asked, “What made you	□ The teacher asked what had made
change your mind?”	me change my mind.

EXERCISES___________________________________________________

Ex. 3. (A, B) Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mother asked Jane, “What are you doing here?” 2. Margaret asked Richard, “Where are you going for your holidays?" 3. Ann asked Mary, “What do you usually have for breakfast?” 4. The inspector asked, “Who caused the accident?” 5. The teacher asked Bob, “When did you learn to swim?” 6. Mary’s mother asked her, “Where have you put

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your shoes?” 7. The teacher asked, “Which number can be divided by three?” 8. Peter asked me, “When are you going to have dinner?” 9. The policeman asked me, “Where did you lose your wallet?” 10. The teacher came into the classroom and asked the pupils, “What are you doing?” 11.1 asked Bob, “Why didn’t you answer my letter?”

12.There was a crowd in the street. I asked a man in the crowd, “What is the matter?”

13.Father asked, “When will lunch be ready?” 14. The little boy asked his father, “Why does the policeman wear a uniform?” 15.1asked him, “Who are you looking at?” 16. The nurse asked, “Who is the next, please?” 17. The man asked his friend, “When did you buy your car?”

Ex. 4. (В, C) Translate into English.

1. Они спросили меня, когда начинается мой рабочий день. 2. Он спросил, какую музыкулюбят мои друзья. 3. Мы спросили его, кто из его друзей знаетдва иностранных языка. 4. Журналисты спросили писателя, над какой книгой он работает. 5. Она спросила меня, где я был вчера. 6. Они спросили моего друга, как он провел летние каникулы. 7. Я спросила у нее, где ей сшили пальто. 8. Я спросила у него, какие еще французские книги он прочитал за последнее время. 9. Друзья спросили его, куда он ездил в прошлое воскресенье. 10. Родители спросили нас, что мы собираемся делать летом. 11. Жена спросила, почему он не купил хлеб. 12. Мы спросили преподавателя, как мы сдали экзамен. 13. Она спросила его, когда он видел Лену в последний раз. 14. Они спросили меня, когда я позвоню своим родителям. 15. Я спросил его, когда он собирается закончить эту работу.

4. REVISION

Ex. 1. Put the following into Indirect Speech.

I. (A)

I . 1asked my friend, “How do you feel after your holiday?” 2. “Ernie’s an educated man,” remarks Florrie. 3. “John never seems low or depressed,” says Jane. 4. Jack’s father asked him, “Who are you writing a letterto?” 5. “Jack is on the terrace. He is playing£hess with his brother,” says Nelly. 6. I saw a cloud of smoke and asked, “What is burning?” 7. “I can’t understand what he is talking about,” replies Bessie. 8 .1asked her, “Who gave you that watch?” 9. “I’ll tell you when I’ll be back,” Nora says to Jack. 10. Mr Nyman asked his wife, “How much do you spend on food every week?” 11. “You have known me long,” Barbara says to Martha. 12. “You’re the best assistant I’ve ever had, Sheppey,” he says. 13. Henry asked Tom, “Who did you visit in the hospital?” 14. “He was born in Moscow,” she says.

15.“We didn’t have dinner there,” the boy says. 16. “I was so thrilled and excited by the opera,” Stella says to Maurice. 17. “When I came Jane was playing the piano,” says Kitty.

18.“When the doorbell rang I was writing a letter to John,” says George.

II.(B)

1.“He always has dinner there,” she said. 2. “He has a nice voice,” she said. 3. “I’m quite prepared to stay up until Mrs Maurice comes in," said Stella. 4. “I’m sorry to disturb you,” Tom said to Eliza. 5. “I’m her guest at the moment,” he said. 6. “You are the very person we

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want, Thornton,” said Pearl. 7. “John always comes home to luncheon,” said Martha. 8. “I don’t think anyone can accuse me of not being frank,” said Martha. 9. “I’m learning French,” said Florrie. 10. “The taxi is waiting,” Bently said to Constance. 11. “Florrie, you’ll be all right in a minute,” said Bessie. 12. “I’ll go in and see him before I go to bed,” said Stella. 13. “You won’t be able to see me on Tuesday,” she said to Jack. 14. “We shall not do that,” he said. 15.“I shall wait for Sheppey,” said Bolton. 16. “Whatever the future may have in store I shall neverforget your courage, your self-sacrifice, and your patience,” Mrs Tabret said to Stella. 17.“I’m deeply grateful for all you’ve done for Maurice,” Mrs Tabret said to Stella.

Ex. 2. (В, C) Put the verbs in brackets into the required past tense, pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses.

1.She (hear) the band playing and she (know) that in a few moments the curtain (go) up.

2.Myra (think) he (prefer) to be by himself. 3.1(hear) from your motherthat you (be) late and so I (order) coffee and sandwiches. 4. Mrs Streep (ask) him if he (have) dinner there. 5. The old man (ask) me if I (have) parents. 6. He (be) verysorryfor Jennie, and he (tell) his wifethat he (have) to go out and see her. 7. And the other day I (have) a letter from him saying he (be) in Moscow soon. 8.1(say) I (be) back by nine o’clock. 9. You (promise) you (try) to persuade himto stay on for a bit. 10. Ina fewwords I (tell) himwhat (happen). 11. She (ask) me if I (live) long in that town. 12. When I (ring) her that evening she (say) she (not like) to discuss those problems on the phone. 13. That evening she (tell) me (be) atthe hotel number, and about half past eight I (dial) that number, butthere (be) no answer. 14.1(put) the papers backwherethey (belong), (tell)the manager I (do) no clipping ortearing, (return) to the hotel, (treat) myselfto a glass of milk in the coffee shop, and (go) to bed. 15. He (write) that he (come) to lunch the following day.

Ex. 3. (В, C) Translate the stories from Russian into English, paying special attention to the italicized words.

I

Совет врача.

Медсестра спросила меня, ожидаю ли я доктора Грея, и пригласила меня к нему в кабинет (surgery).

Доктор Грей улыбнулся мне и спросил, что меня беспокоит. Я сказал, что ужасно переутомлен (be run down). Он спросил меня, поздно ли яложусь спать (stay up late), и я сказал, что нет. Он поинтересовался, почему я не соблюдаю нормальный режим (keep regular hours), и я объяснил, что почти каждый вечер я встречаюсь с друзьями. Доктор захотел узнать, как я провожу время, и я сказал, что в основном (mostly) я

хожу на вечеринки. Доктор спросил меня, удается ли (have the chance) мне отдохнуть (to recover) в выходные дни, но я вынужден был признать (admit), что в выходные дни наши вечеринки длятся всю ночь.

Он спросил меня, курю ли я, и когда я сказал, что курю, доктор спросил меня, сколько сигарет в день я выкуриваю. Он был поражен, когда услышал мой ответ. Тогда врач спросил меня, занимаюсь (take) ли я гимнастикой для поддержания своего здоровья (to keep fit).

Я ответил, что для этого у меня нет времени.

“Вы поджигаете свечу (burn the candle) с обоих концов,”- сказалдоктор Грей идобавил: “но я завидую вам, что вы так весело проводите время.”

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II

Подарок из Чикаго.

Этой зимой в Чикаго было много снега. Железнодорожные рабочие не знали, что с

нимделать. Начальникстанции приказал очистить платфоромы. Он сказал не оставлять

снег на платформах, так как это опасно для пассажиров. Он посоветовал сгребать (shovel) снег в большие кучи, но это была невыполнимая задача.

Вдруг одному из рабочих пришла в головузамечательная идея. “Я знаю, какизбавиться (get rid of) от снега,” - сказал он. “Давайте погрузим этот снег на грузовые платформы (freight train). Мы можем послать снег в Миссисипи и Новый Орлеан. По дороге он растает (melt away).” На следующий день пятьтонн снега прибыло в Мемфис, Теннесси. “Это замечательный подарок,” - сказал рабочий. “Мы знаем, чтоделать с этим снегом здесь. Мы пошлем его надетские площадки (playgrounds). Некоторые дети никогда не видели снега.”

Ex. 4. (А, В, С) Translate the story. Turn Direct Speech into Indirect Speech with tense changes.

“Я просмотрела результаты ваших анализов,” - сказала доктор Лестер. “Вы очень поправились,” - сказала она мне.

“Вы набрали (gain) пять с половиной килограммов за шесть месяцев,” - добавила она. “Если вы будете продолжать в том же духе, вы станете очень толстым (get fat),” - сказала она мне.

“Я вынуждена посадить вас на строгую диету (put on a strict diet); вы должны есть очень мало,” - добавила она.

“Хорошо, я должен буду жить на воде и орехах”, - сказал я, разозлившись.

“Да, вы можете жить на воде и орехах, но без орехов,” - согласилась доктор Лестер.

Ex. 5. Give a free translation of the text.

Пикник на одеяле.

Один профессор Бостонского университета сказал, что современные родители очень мало знают о том, какорганизовать “досуг вкругусемьи” (familyleisure time). В качестве одного из вариантов он предложил устроить пикник во дворе за домом (back-yard): расстелить (spread) одеяло, разжечь костер (make/lay a fire), испечь (bake) картошку, как будто вы на пляже.

Прочитав это, я собрал семью и сказал, что вечером мы устроим пикник во дворе за домом. Мой сын Джордж сказал, что соседи подумают, что мы сошли с ума. А жена поинтересовалась, что я держу под мышкой. Оказалось, что это наше новое одеяло, которое, конечно, нельзя использовать для этой цели.

Дети поинтересовались, что мы будем делать весь вечер на заднем дворе. Я объяснил, что мы будем сидеть и есть печеную картошку. Это должно теснее сблизить нашу семью (make up closer). Мой сын высказал пожелание, чтобы это не связало нас в тугой узел (tight knot), так как он договорился вечером играть в теннис. Моя дочь Нэнси согласилась есть печеную картошку во дворе, но заметила, что потом она должна будет уйти, так как она идет в бассейн со своей подругой.

Мы расстелили одеяло на прекрасном месте за домом напротив гаража и разожгли огромный костер. Заметив выглядывающих из окон соседей, я попросил жену идетей не обращать на них внимания. Моя жена ворчала (grumble), что мы сидим на камнях и что она не может есть сырую (raw) картошку.

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Стараясь казаться веселым, я спросил, чувствуют ли они себя так, как будто сидят на пляже. На что дочь ответила, что ей бы хотелось искупаться в океане, и скрылась (disappear) за гаражом. Спросив, в какой стороне океан, Джордж пообещал вернуть ее, даже если на это уйдет весь вечер, и тоже исчез за гаражом. Жена толкнула меня локтем (nudge) и сказала, что к нам пришли. Я поднял глаза и увидел двух полицейских. “Нам сообщили, что во дворе кто-то сидит на одеяле,” - сказал один из них.

(по Джону Бэйли)

THE PASSIVE VOICE

1. THE FORMATION OF THE PASSIVE VOICE

to be + Participle II

		TENSE
	Indefinite	Present
		Past
		Future
	Continuous	Present
		Past
		Future
	Perfect	Present
		Past
		Future

	ACTIVE		PASSIVE		NOTE: the action is done
					to the subject
	ask(s)		am		He asks/
			is	asked	He is asked
			are		Он спрашивает/
	asked				Его спрашивают
			was	asked
			were
	will ask		will be asked
	am		am		He is asking/
	is	asking	is	being asked	He is being asked
	are		are		Он сейчас спрашивает/
					Его сейчас спрашивают
	was	asking	was	being asked
	were		were
	will be asking
	ί®ϊβ	asked	[]ave	been asked	Не has asked/
	has		has		Не has been asked
			had been asked		Он уже спросил/
	had asked				Его уже спросили
	will have asked		will	have been
			asked

	MODAL VERBS
	can/could
	may/might	be done
	must/have to
		have been done
	should/would
	needn’t

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0)

+■>

Έ

%

Ό

С

Perfect Continuous

STUDY THESE EXAMPLES:

1.A lot of rice is eaten in Asia.

2.These houses were built about twenty-five years ago.

3.Our class will be taught by another teacher next year.

4.He said that our class would be taught by another teacher next year.

5.Lions and tigers can be seen in Zoos.

6.He spoke very clearly; he could be heard by everyone.

7.This letter must be answered at once.

8.When he was in hospital, he had to be fed; he couldn’t eat himself.

9.The books may be kept for two weeks. After that they must be returned to the library.

10.The librarian said that books might be kept for two weeks.

11.The little girl has been very ill and the doctor says she mustn’t go to school, so she is being taught at home.

12.1couldn’t use my car last week, it was being repaired.

13.This room hasn’t been swept for a fortnight.

14.He said the newspaper had been thrown away.

15.He promised that by the end of the year the construction would have been completed.

2.USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE PECULIAR

TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1.We use the passive when it is not so important (or unknown) who or what did the action:

□My article was published yesterday.

□Rome wasn’t built in one day.

□The origin of the Universe will never be explained.

2.It’s wrong to consider the passive to be anotherway of expressing a sentence inthe active voice. We use it only when we don’t know or don’t want to say who did it:

□Helen likes English (But not “English is liked by Helen”.Itsounds funny in English).

3.Onlythe verbs which take an object can go intothe passive. Intransitiveverbs can’t be used inthe Passive voice. They are:

-to fly, to arrive

-to be, to become

- to have, to lack, to possess, to consist, to belong

-to hold, to suit, to resemble, to fit

-to appear, to seem, to come, to go, to last

□The hall holds 500 people.

□They have a nice house.

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□My shoes don’t fit me.

□Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess.

□My mother lacks tact.

4.There are sentences in the active having a passive meaning:

□This shirt irons well.

□\our book reads well.

□This coat will wear a lifetime.

□The door closed and there was silence in the room.

5.If you want to say who did it or what caused the action, use by or with:

□The house was built by my grandfather.

□Itwas destroyed by fire.

□The room was filled with smoke.

□The wood can be cut with a knife.

6.We use the infinitive after modal verbs and a number of other verbs. The passive infinitive is to be done/to have been done:

□I want to be left alone.

□The music could be heard far away.

□My bicycle has disappeared. Itmust have been stolen.

7.If it is possible to make two different passive sentences, it is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person:

□Ann wasn’t offered the job.

□The job wasn’t offered to Ann.

		STUDY THE PATTERN
			told
smb	----- was	о	offered	о	smth
			given
	will be		promised

8. Some verbs can be used only in the following type of passive constructions:

				explained
		js		announced
	smth	---- was	О	described	to smb
				repeated
		will be
				dictated
				pointed out

□The news was announced to everybody.

□Everything will be explained to you later.

9.Passive constructions with the verbs to advise, to allow, to award, to deny, to forbid, to forgive, to grant, to offer, to order, to pay, to promise, to refuse, to show, to teach present some difficulties. In English the subject of such constructions corresponds to the Russian indirect object. The centre of passive construction in English is not changed. Pay attention to the following difference:

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