Дроздова.English Grammar

Ex. 7. (A, В) Correct the sentences. The English is correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time.

Example: The Earth goes round the Moon. The Earth doesn’t go round the Moon. The Moon goes round the Earth.

1.The Sun sets in the East.___________________________________________

2.Hens eat foxes.

3.Blacksmiths make things from wood.

4.The river Dvina flows into the Black Sea.

Ex. 8. (A, B) Make questions. Begin the questions using the word(s) in brackets.

Examples: Bob plays chess. (How often)? How often does Bob play chess?

Iget up early. (What time/usually?) What time do vou usuallyget U P ?

1.Felix watches birds. (How often?)______________________________________

2.I write to my parents. (How often?)____________________________________

3.I have dinner in the evening. (What time/usually?) _________________________

4.She works. (Where?)______________________________________________

5.I go to the Zoo. (How often?)_________________________________________

6.People do stupid things. (Why?)______________________________________

7.The motor breaks down. (How often?) __________________________________

Ex. 9. (A, B) Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

1.Я обычно делаю домашнее задание вечером. 2. Мой друг живет на Севере.

3.Моя сестра учится в медицинском колледже. 4. У них два занятия иностранным языком в неделю. 5. Он всегда навещает нас, когда бывает в Москве. 6. “Сколько времени вы тратите на дорогу домой?” - “Как правило, я трачу на дорогу домой около тридцати минут.” 7. Он теперь редко путешествует. 8. Вы часто ходите в

кино? 9. Она никогда не опаздывает. Она всегда приходит вовремя. 10. “Вы чувствуете что-нибудь?” - “Нет, я ничего не чувствую.” 11. Его отец - инженер. Он строит мосты. 12. Я не учу французский язык, я учу немецкий. 13. Теперь мы редко

сними встречаемся. 14. Ее муж часто ездит в командировки?

5.2THE PAST INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

Regular verb + -ed

Past Indefinite

Irregular Verbs

See List of Irregular Verbs, p. 371

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SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION RULES

Regular verbs form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in -e.

to want - wanted	to unite - united
to open - opened	to live - lived

The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends on the sound preceding it. Itis pronounced: [id] after t, d: wanted fwontid], landed ['laendid];

[d] after voiced consonants except d and after vowels: opened ['oupand], played [pleid];

[t] after voiceless consonants except t : worked [wg:kt]. The following spelling rules should be observed:

a. Final у is changed into /before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant. to carry - carried

to reply - replied

у remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel, to enjoy - enjoved

b.Ifa verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.

to stog - stopped	to sob - sobbed	to submii - submitted
to plan - planned	to stir - stirred
Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel.
to occur - occurred	to prefer - preferred		to refer - referred
Final r is not doubled when preceded by a diphthong.
to appear - appeared
Final / is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed,
to compel - compelled	to quarrel - quarrelled
AFFIRMATIVE	NEGATIVE		INTERROGATIVE
Iworked/wrote	Idid not work/write		Did Iwork/write?
	Ididn’t work/write

The Past Indefinite (Simple) maydenote:

1.An action performed in the past:

□We entered the house in silence.

□He met us at the station.

2.A succession of past actions:

□He shut the window, switched off the light and went upstairs.

3.A repeated action in the past:

□He made an entry in his diary every night.

NOTE: Repeated actions are often expressed by used to + Infinitive,

would + Infinitive.

□He would spend all days locked in his room.

□When I was young I used to work much.

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EXERCISES

Ex. 10. (A) Read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.

Example: Granny usually gets up at 6.30. Yesterday she got up at 6.30.

1.Granny usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning__________________________

2.Granny usuallywalks in the garden. Yesterday_____________________________ _

3.Granny usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday_________________________

4.Granny usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening ___________________

5.Granny usually sleeps very well. Yesterday______________________________

Ex. 11. (A) Put one of these verbs in each sentence:

hurt, teach, spend, sell, throw, fall, catch, buy, cost.

Example: I was thirsty, so I bought apple juice in the shop.

1.My father___________ me how to drive when I was 17.

2.James___________ down the stairs and___________ his leg.

3.We needed some money so we____________ our summer house.

4.They________a lot of moneyyesterday. They________ a dishwasher which______

10000 roubles.

5.The boy________________ the ball to the dog and the dog_______________ it.

Ex. 12. (A)Writequestions.A friend hasjustcome backfrom Italyandyou areasking himaboutit.

Examples: What place/go to? What place did vou oo to?

The weather/fine? Was the weather fine?

1.how Ιοηα/stav there?

2.stav at a hotel?

3.cio alone?

4.how/travel?

5.the food/aood?

6.what/do in the eveninas?

7.make anv friends there?

Ex. 13. (A) Put the verb into the correct form. All the sentences are past.

Example: I didn’t go (not/qo) to the park yesterday because the weather w$$n't (not/be) very good.

1.	I	(not/have breakfast) this mornina because I	(not/
2.	have) time.
	We	(not/buv) anvthina because we	(not/have) anv
3.	money.
	I	(not/sleeo) because I	(not/feel) sleeov.
4.	She	(not/be) interested inthe book because she	(not/understand)
	it.

Ex. 14. (A, B) Complete the sentence with used to.

Example: He doesn’t play the piano any more but he used to play every day.

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1.She doesn’t eat sweets now but she________them every day.

2.Miranda________ my colleague but we don’t work together any longer.

3.We live in Sussex now but we_____________________in Scotland.

4.Now there is one cinema in our town but there________five.

5.When they were young they___ our garden but they don’t like it now.

6.Melly walks everywhere now. She________a horse.

Ex. 15. (A, B) Write some sentences about Denis who started following his friend Henry’s life-style. Denis stopped doing somethings and started doing other things.

	was in time for work,		was always late everywhere,
Denis	didn’t keep late hours,	Henry	read only thrillers,
	worked in his garden.		travelled a lot.

Make sentences like these:

Examples: Denis used to be in time for work.

He never used to read thrillers or: He didn’t use to read thrillers.

1. ______________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4.

Ex. 16. (A, B) Translate into English using the Past Indefinite Tense.

1. Мы начали этот опыт на прошлой неделе. 2. Они вернулись дбмой в 7 часов вечера. 3. Мы решили послать это письмо вчера. 4. Кому вы отдали эти журналы? 5. Вчера я встретил Стива в библиотеке. 6. Когда вы его видели в последний раз?

— В прошлый вторник. 7. В прошлом году мы не изучали французский. Мы изучали английский. 8. В котором часу вы начали работать вчера? — После обеда. У нас было мало работы. 9. Погода была хорошая, и мы с друзьями пошли в парк. 10. Где вы были час тому назад? 11. Я встретил ее позавчера, и она рассказала мне об этом.

Ex. 17. (В, С) Translate into English using used to and would + Infinitive.

1. Теперь она избегает ходить туда так часто, как раньше. 2. Он, бывало, внезапно появлялся в доме своей матери и так же внезапно исчезал. 3. Она, бывало, часами сидела у открытого окна, глядя на лес за холмом. 4. Иногда она жаловалась на свою трудную жизнь, и ей становилось легче. 5. Я лично думаю, что теперь вы говорите поанглийски лучше, чем раньше. 6. Теперь он совсем не курит, так как у него плохое здоровье, а ведь раньше он курил сигарету за сигаретой. 7. Он начал изучать французский, а в детстве он занимался английским с частным преподавателем. 8. Когда-то он был весьма состоятельным человеком.

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5.3 THE FUTURE INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

			shall/will +		infinitive
AFFIRMATIVE				NEGATIVE			INTERROGATIVE
I	shall/will	work	I	shall/will	not	work	Shall/will	I	work?
He	will	work	He	will	not	work	Will	he	work?
She	will	work	She	will	not	work	Will	she	work?
It	will	work	it	will	not	work	Will	it	work?
We	shall/will work		We	shall/will	not	work	Shall/will	we	work?
You	will	work	You	will	not	work	Will	you	work?
They	will	work	They	will	not	work	Will	they	work?
I’ll work			I won’t work
			(shan’t)

The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense denotes a future action.

□You will write these exercises tomorrow.

□I am tired. I shall (will) go and have a nap before dinner.

NOTE: The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense is not used after the conjunctions:

till	as soon as	provided
until	as long as	incase
before	unless
after	on condition that

□I don’t know when they will arrive. BUT: When they arrive, I’ll inform you.

□I don’t know if he will agree.

BUT: If he agrees, I’ll call you.

EXERCISES

Ex. 18. (A) Put the verb in brackets into the Future Indefinite.

1. He (be) here soon. 2. The dress (be) ready tomorrow. 3. They (be) at the station in time for the 10.30 train. 4. I (know) the result in a day. 5. I (be) twenty years old next year.

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6. They (remember) you well. 7. When he (come) back? 8. When he comes, I (apologize) to him. 9.1(not see) this beautiful city again. 10.1(recognize) his pictures anywhere.

Ex. 19. (A, B) Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.

I

a.1.When he (call) I (give) him a piece of my mind. 2.1(be) at home if you (need) anything. 3. They (be) in the gallery if you (decide) to speak to them. 4. If they (want) your advice, they (get) in touch with you. 5. Ifyou (have) anything to report, put it inwriting and send itto me.

b.1.1 (write) you about itwhen I (have) time. 2. He (wait) until they (send) for him. 3. Нё (be) all right when this (be) over. 4. I’d like to ask you a few more questions before you (go).

c.1.1(not know) when they (come) to see us. 2. Ask him if he (stay) for dinner. 3.1(wonder) if we ever (see) each other again. 4 .1(be) not sure if they (be) in time. 5. He can’t tell us when the motor (start).

II

1. When the weather (get) warmer, I (start) practising again. 2. “Come in,” she said. “I (see) if he (be) at home.” 3. Come and see me when you (come) up to town and we (talk) everything over. 4. If my friends (come) in, please ask them to wait in the picture gallery. 5. He (want) to know if you (be) free tomorrow morning at 10.00. 6 .1(wonder) when they (write) to us. 7.1 (be) down at your office at 12 tomorrow. 8. When things (get) a little more settled, we (come) to see you. 9. They can’t tell me when they (be) free. 10. Go straight on till you (come) to a fountain atthe corner of the street; then turn left and you (find) this shop on your right. 11. When you (come) to the main road remember to stop and look both ways before you (cross). 12. Ask them when they (move) to a new flat. 13. “I want to get to the bottom of the valley.” - “You must be careful when you (go) down because the slope of the hill (be) very slippery.” 14. “I (be) glad when I (get) to the top!” 15. He doesn’t say when he (come) back. 16. “Give this message to your teachers as soon as you (come) to school,” said his mother. - “All right,” said the boy running out. - “I (be) sure it (be) still in his pocket when he (get) home tonight,” said his father. 17. If the patient (continue) to improve we (transfer) him to another ward. 18. “I (buy) some pot plants.” - “When you (buy) them?” - “The florist (bring) them. Perhaps he (bring) them in the afternoon.” 19. Ifyou (look) atthem, don’t smile. 20. Before we (talk) about it, I’d like to show you something.

Ex. 20. (В, C) Use subordinate clauses of time or condition instead of underlined parts of the following sentences. Make some changes if necessary.

Pay attention to the use of tenses.

1.1shall have time next week and I shall fix the car. 2. All will go well and I shall graduate in June. 3. He will finish this job and we will give him another. 4. The traffic conditions will oet much worse and the city will have to build elevated roads. 5. The light will turn red and all the cars will stop. 6. The weather will clear and we will finish our games. 7. I will be paid tomorrow and I will buy this dress. 8. We will oet there before vou and we will wait for you. 9. He will come home and his father will give him a good talking to. 10. He will take this medicine and will be all right.

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Ex. 21. (A, В) All the sentences are future. Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won’t or the Present Simple.

Example: As soon as I see (see) him, I’ll tell (tell) him everything.

1.Ifthey__________________(get) here on time, we can make it.

2.There is a surprise waiting for him when he________(get) home.

3.Before you________ (leave), sir, I________ (give) you your present back.

4.If you________ (feel) better this afternoon, we_________ (drive) to the coast.

5.Give him this message when you________(see) him.

6.Ifwe______________________________ (come) in time, we__(find) them there.

7.If I________(be) lucky, I________ (get in) without a ticket.

8.________(you/be) lonely without me, while I________ (be) away?

Ex. 22. (А, В, C) Make one sentence from two sentences.

Example: They are off soon. You must visit them before that.

You must visit them before theyare off.

1.I’mgoing to finish mywork. Then I’ll go to the cinema.

when

2.He’ll spend a week in Brussels. Then he’ll go to England.

before

3.He’ll come to London in April. He can staywith us.

when

4.It’s going to be dark soon. Let’s leave before that.

before

Ex. 23. (А, В, C) Put in when or if.

Example: If it rains in the morning, we won’t go swimming.

1.I’m going to England next week.________I’m there, I hope to visit a few museums.

2.Frank might return this evening.________he does, can you cook him some meal? 3.1think he’ll pass his exam. I’ll be very surprised________he doesn’t pass it. 4.1hope to be on time. But________I don’t make it, go without me. 5. I’mgoing shopping.________

you want anything, I can get it for you. 6.1don’t feel well tonight. I think l’l| go straightto bed

________I get home. 7. I’m leaving for Canada tomorrow. I’ll write to you________ I get there. 8.1want you to come to the party but________ you don’twant to come, you needn’t.

Ex. 24. (A) Translate into English.

1. В следующем году мне будет 20 лет. 2. Возможно, он придет сегодня. 3. Когда вы начнете изучать иностранный язык? 4. Он думает, вам не понравится новый балет. 5. Она будет дома в 6 часов? - Нет. 6. Я надеюсь, вы хорошо напишете контрольную работу. 7. У вас завтра будет много работы? - Да. 8. Экзамены начнутся 1 июня. 9. Фильм будет очень интересным. 10. Мы увидимся с ним на следующей неделе.

Ex. 25. (А, В, С) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Они не начнут совещание, пока не придет главный инженер. 2. Если вы встретите их, попросите их позвонить нам. 3. Вы сразу узнаете Джемму, как только увидите ее.

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4. Интересно, когда они вернутся. 5- Не переходите улицу, пока не зажжется зеленый свет. 6. Как только он приедет, он позвонит вам. 7. Он будет очень счастлив, когда ты приедешь в Нью-Йорк. 8. Если вы будете пить эту воду, вы заболеете. 9. Я не могу сказать вам, когда они вернутся. 10. Если вы сейчас не возьмете такси, вы опоздаете на самолет. 11. Когда вы захотите увидеть меня, позвоните. 12. Вы не будете знать английский язык, пока не начнете упорно заниматься. 13. Я загляну к вам перед отъездом. 14. Когда наступит зима, я уеду в Индию. 15. Я не знаю, когда я его снова увижу.

6. THE CONTINUOUS FORMS

to be + - ing (Participle I)

6.1 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE				NEGATIVE			INTERROGATIVE
I	am	reading	I	am not		reading	Am	I	reading?
He	is	reading	He	is	not	reading	Is	he	reading?
She	is	reading	She	is	not	reading	Is	she	reading?
It	is	reading	It	is	not	reading	Is	it	reading?
We	are	reading	We	are not		reading	Are	we	reading?
You	are	reading	You	are not		reading	Are	you	reading?
They are		reading	They are not			reading	Are	they reading?

I’m	reading
She’s	reading	She isn’t reading
We’re reading		We aren’t reading

The Present Continuous may denote:

1.An action going on at the present moment:

□Why are you wearing that funny hat?

□What’s that smell? - Something’s burning.

□Andrew’s reading up for his examinations these days.

2.A future action when it is planned:

□I am leaving tonight.

□They are getting married in June.

□We are playing tennis tomorrow.

3.A continuous process (with the adverbs always, constantly)·.

□The Earth is always moving.

4.An action thought of as a continual process (with the adverbs always, constantly):

□He is always grumbling.

□She is constantly laughing.

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VERBS NOT USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM

The following groups of verbs do not express a process, that is why they are not used inthe Continuousform:

1.Verbs denoting sense perception - to see, to hear;

2.Verbs denoting mental activity - to know, to believe, to think (=have an opinion),

to doubt, to feel (=have an opinion), to guess, to imagine, to mean, to realize, to recognize, to remember, to suppose, to understand;

3.Verbs denoting wish - to want, to wish;

4.Verbs denoting feeling - to love, to like, to dislike, to hate, to prefer;

5.Verbs denoting abstract relations - to be, to have, to contain, to depend, to belong,

to concern, to consist of, to deserve, to fit, to include, to involve, to lack, to matter, to need, to owe, to own, to possess, to appear, to resemble, to seem;

6.Verbs denoting physical properties of objects - to measure (=have length, etc.), to taste (=have a flavour), to smell (=give out a smell), to sound, to weigh (=have weight);

7.Verbs denoting affect or influence - to astonish, to impress, to please, to satisfy,

to surprise.

NOTE: Such expressions as:

-to see the sights of;

-to see somebody home/off;

-to have dinner (lunch, supper) can be used in the Continuous form.

□They were seeing the sights of London when I met them.

□He is having lunch.

□Ithink you are right.

□Iam thinking of what you havejust said.

□Iadmire this man very much.

□What are you doing here? Admiring the moon?

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (A, B) Continue in the negative.

Example: Mother is talking on the phone, (sleep) She isn’tsleeping.

1.John isStanding, (lie down) __________________________

2.Father is shaving, (wash)___________________________

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3.The boys are playing, (fight)

4.We are dancina. (iumD)

5.Thev are speakina. (shout)

6.Marv is rurtnina. (walk)

7.I am eatina. (drink)

8.The teacher is soeakina. (read)

Ex. 2. (A, B) Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: Are you drawing? (write a story)

-No. I’m not. I’m writing a story.

1.Is he writina a letter? (watch television)

2.Are vou readina Byron’s poems? (learn them by heart)

3.Is Dad smokinq in his study? (read a newspaper)

4.Are they listeninq to the radio? (talkwith a friend)

5.Are vou hurrvina to work? (ao home)

6.IsJoan playinq the Diano? (listen to a concert)

7.Are you workinq at your essay? (write a film script)

8.Is she washina U D ? (cook)

Ex. 3. (A, B) Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: Is Mother very busy just now? (type a report)

-Yes, she is. She is typing a report.

1.IsJerry very busy just now? (study)____________________________

2.Are the students very busy just now? (read)______________________

3.Is Susan very busy just now? (have breakfast) ____________________

4.Are the Greens very busy just now? (shop)_______________________

5.Is Miss Black very busy just now? (sew)_________________________

6.IsJane very busyjust now? (wash up)___________________________

7.Is Henry very busy just now? (skate)___________________________

8.Are the girls very busy just now? (rehearse)______________________

Ex. 4. (A, B) Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: What are you doing? (daydream)

-I’m daydreaming.

1.Why is Father making such a terrible noise? (teach the dog to bark)_____

2.What are you doing with the scissors? (cut out a dress)______________

3.Where are you hurrying to? (run to catch my bus)__________________

4.What are you doing in this shop? (buy a mink coat)_________________

5.Why are you leaving so soon? (go to the University)________________

6.Why is she playing the violin so late? (rehearse for a concert)_________

7.Why are the children listening so attentively? (listen to a favourite fairy tale)

8.What is George doing in the kitchen? (bake an apple pie)

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