4. Read the extract. Decide if the underlined phrases are correct or not. Tick (V) them if they are right and correct them if they are wrong.

Pollution is causing enormous problems all over the world these days. Governments 1.need to act quickly to stop this problem before it is too late.

The first thing I believe we 2. absolutely should do is reduce the amount we use our cars. Our governments 3. must to encourage us to use public transport In my country, public transport is not very reliable, so the first thing that governments 4. have to do is to ensure that buses and trains are a viable alternative to the car. They 5. also should reduce the costs to the public of travelling on public transport

However, it is not only the government that 6. needs to make an effort. All of us 7.should make some effort to reduce pollution. First of all we 8. ought try to walk or cycle if we can, rather than using our cars. In the past people 9. must walk or cycle because they did not have cars. It is a shame that we have become so dependent on cars now. Secondly, we 10. should trying to share car use with our friends and colleagues.

All of us 11. will must make some changes to our lives if we want to reduce pollution. Fortunately, we 12. mustn't make big changes to make big improvements in the situation.

1 _____________ 5 _____________ 9 _____________

2 _____________ 6 _____________ 10 _____________

3 _____________ 7 _____________ 11 _____________

4 _____________ 8 _____________ 12 _____________

/From Cambridge Grammar for IELTS, Diana Hopkins with Pauline Cullen/

5. Necessary or not necessary?

Make sentences using must, mustn't, should, (not) have to and needn't based on the situations below. In some case there is more than one possibility.

a) It's Simon's first day in a new job. It's late and he's still in bed. What does his mother say to him?

'You must get up or you'll be late! You mustn't be late on your first day!'

b) Susan really hates getting up early and today is Sunday. Why is she happy?

________________________________________________________________________

c) The restaurant you went to last night was fantastic. Recommend it to your friends.

________________________________________________________________________

d) Tell your visitor not to drink the water from the tap. It's not safe.

________________________________________________________________________

e) Your son doesn't want to take the medicine the doctor recommended. You are insistent.

________________________________________________________________________

f) You are going to a dinner party. Ask someone if it's necessary to take a present for the hostess.

________________________________________________________________________

/From Intermediate Matters Workbook, Jan Bell, Roger Gower/

IN OTHER WORDS

It's forbidden to smoke in hospitals. - You mustn't smoke in hospitals.

Let's go for a walk. - Shall we go for a walk?

Was it necessary for Ann to leave the party that early? - Did Ann need to/have to leave the party that early?

Shall I help you with the dishes? - Would you like me to help you with the dishes?

It isn't necessary to do the ironing today. - You don't have to/don't need to/needn't do the ironing today.

Would you mind if I used your phone? - May/Might I use your phone?

6. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given in the brackets and other words to complete each sentence. You must use between two and five words. Do not change the word given.

1. I'll carry that bag for you. (like)

Would _________________________________________________________ that bag for you?

2. I advise you to drive more slowly. (should)

You ___________________________________________________________________ slowly.

3. It would be a good idea for you to leave early. (should)

You _____________________________________________________________________ early.

4. Driving without headlights is forbidden. (drive)

You ________________________________________________________________ headlights.

5. Let's go shopping in town. (about)

What _________________________________________________________________ in town?

6. You are not allowed to leave until the exam has finished. (mustn't)

You _______________________________________________________ the exam has finished.

7. I'd better start saving for my summer holiday. (should)

I ________________________________________________________ for my summer holiday.

8. You mustn't take photos in the cathedral. (allowed)

You ______________________________________________________ photos in the cathedral.

9. It wasn't necessary to get dressed up, so we didn't. (need)

We _____________________________________________________________ get dressed up.

/Round-up 6, Virginia Evans/