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UNIT 10. LESSON 1

SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

(СУБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ)

Состоит из именной части (существительного или местоимения в общем падеже)
и	причастия. Между		ними	стоит	сказуемое, выраженное		глаголом	в
страдательном залоге (см.			с.200). Перед		причастием может стоять союзas.
Перевод		начинается	со	сказуемого,	причастный	оборот	переводится
придаточным предложением с союзами ‘что’, ‘как’.
	He was found making the experiment. Обнаружили, что он проводит опыт.

Matter is regarded as built up of atoms.

Считается, что материя состоит из атомов.

OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

(ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ)

Состоит из именной части(существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже) и причастия. Стоит после глаголов ментального или чувственного восприятия (см. с.200). Перед причастием иногда может стоять союзas. Переводится придаточным предложением с союзами ‘что’, ‘как’.

They saw the device brought in. Они видели, как прибор внесли.

We thought him writing a report. Мы думали, что он пишет доклад. We consider matter as being built of atoms.

Мы считаем, что материя состоит из атомов.

Объектный причастный оборот после глаголовto have, to get подразумевает, что действие было выполнено для субъекта (подлежащего) третьим лицом.

They had new equipment installed. Им установили новое оборудование. The director got this plan cancelled. Директор добился отмены этого плана.

Exercise 1. Переведите предложения.

1. We saw the planes landing and taking off. 2. The engineer heard his colleagues discussing the conference. 3. He wanted his paper published as soon as possible. 4. I saw my friend crossing the street. 5. The teacher found his students solving the equation. 6. We consider a computer as consisting of five main parts. 7. They had all his speeches recorded. 8. We must have all the equipment packed by tomorrow. 9. She got her article typed. 10. The students were seen attending the lecture. 11. Einstein is regarded as having discovered the principle of relativity. 12. The experiment was known as having stopped.

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Exercise 2. Сравните словосочетания с причастием.

Participle I Active - Passive: the students discussing this method - the method being discussed now; the engineer studying the problem - the problem being studied by the engineer.

Participle I Active - Participle II: the workers building a new house - the new house built by the workers; the engineer using a new method - the new method used by this engineer.

Participle I - Perfect Participle: asking a student - having asked a student; studying a difficult problem - having studied a difficult problem.

ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

(НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ)

Состоит из именной части(местоимения или существительного) и причастия, всегда отделяется запятой. Иногда может начинаться с предлога with.

Если стоит в начале предложенияотвечает на вопросы‘почему? когда? при каком условии?’; переводится придаточным предложением с союзами'так как,

поскольку; когда, после того как; если'.

Независимый причастный оборот	,	главное предложение
(Именная часть + причастие)		подлежащее+ сказуемое
The scientist making an experiment	,	his assistant helped him.
Когда ученый делал эксперимент	,	его ассистент ему помогал.

Если стоит в конце предложения, переводится сложносочиненным предложением с союзами 'а, и, но, причем'.

Главное предложение	,	независимый причастный оборот
Подлежащее + сказуемое		(именная часть+ причастие)
The scientist is making an experiment	,	his assistant helping him.
Ученый проводит эксперимент	,	и его ассистент ему помогает.

Если начинается с there - переводится безличным предложением.

There being no voltmeter, we could not measure the voltage.

Так как не было вольтметра, мы не смогли измерить напряжение.

Exercise 3. Переведите. Причастный оборот стоит в начале предложения.

1. The film being interesting, all the students went to see it. 2. Everything being done yesterday, we could have a rest. 3. The work having been finished, we went home. 4. The text having been translated, the students began doing exercises. 5. The engineer

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testing the new device, we came to see its operation. 6. The new device being tested, we came to see its operation. 7. The experiment having been finished, the students wrote down the results. 8. The necessary information having been found, I could prepare my report. 9. The train being late, they will not be able to come in time. 10. The film being interesting, we'll go to see it. 11. With planes flying at a high speed, we can get to any place in several hours. 12. With the current switched on, the machine automatically starts operating.

Exercise 4. Переведите. Причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения.

1. We had practical work at the research institute, many students working with the latest apparatus. 2. The students went away, the laboratory assistant remaining in the laboratory. 3. He had made many experiments, the results being good. 4. There are many libraries in our town, the Herzen library being the biggest. 5. All substances consist of atoms, each substance having its own special atom. 6. The engineer designed a new device, new materials being widely used. 7. There are two types of electrically charged particles, the positive particles being called the protons and the negative ones - the electrons. 8. All the students are studying grammar, Pete translating the text. 9. The students translated the text, the teacher helping them. 10. The text has been translated, the teacher analysing the translation in class. 11. The articles discussed microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location. 12. The inventor was demonstrating his new device, with the workers watching its operation attentively.

Exercise 5. Переведите. Независимый причастный оборот начинается с there.

1.There being no possibility to get this book in the library, I went to the reading hall.

2.There being no help, we could not do this work. 3. There being no tram, he did not come in time. 4. There being two ways to get there, we took the shorter one. 5. There being no bus for a long time, we decided to take a taxi. 6. There being no dictionaries, we could not translate this text in time. 7. There being observed the growth of population, it was decided to pay much attention to the housing problem. 8. There being an exam that day, the students came to the University. 9. There existing the problem of information exchange, the scientists are trying to find new communication channels. 10. There being no necessary program in the computer's memory, I couldn't calculate the project in time.

Exercise 6. Переведите предложения независимым причастным оборотом.

1. Так как работа закончена, мы можем отдохнуть. 2. Поскольку эксперимент закончен, вы должны записать результаты. 3. После того как вся информация была найдена, мы смогли приготовить доклад. 4. Когда этот ученый читает лекцию, все студенты слушают его внимательно. 5. Когда этот текст был переведен, они могли проанализировать перевод.

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ПРИСТАВКИ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ПРЕВОСХОДСТВА, НАХОЖДЕНИЯ ЗА ПРЕДЕЛАМИ, ИЗБЫТКА, ПРЕВЫШЕНИЯ

out- grow (расти)

extra- ordinary (обычный) ultra- violet (фиолетовый)

trans- continental (континентальный)

outgrow (перерасти) extraordinary (необычный) ultraviolet (ультрафиолетовый)

transcontinental (транс-континентальный)

НАХОЖДЕНИЯ НАД ЧЕМ-ЛИБО, ЧРЕЗМЕРНОСТИ

over-	fly (летать)	overfly (перелетать)
super-	cool (охлаждать)	supercool (переохлаждать)
	НАХОЖДЕНИЯ ПОД ЧЕМ-ЛИБО, НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТИ
under-	value (ценить)	undervalue (недооценивать)
sub-	tropical (тропический)	subtropical (субтропический)

Exercise 7. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на приставки:

outdoor, outlaw, extraregular, extra-polar, ultramodern, ultra-complex, transamerican, transatlantic, overwork, overpress, superhigh, supernatural, underestimate, underplay, submarine, subclassify.

МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ -s И -ed

-s: 1) Множественное число существительных: tables

2)3-е лицо единственное число Present Indefinite: He works.

3)Притяжательный падеж 's - единственное число: the boy's books,

s'- множественное число: the boys' books

-ed: 1) Past Indefinite у стандартных глаголов: He produced.- Он производил.

2)Participle II: produced - произведенный

3)Смысловой глагол для Passive: was produced - был произведен

Perfect: has produced - произвел

Exercise 8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на -ed и -s.

1. The device of this type installed in our lab has been thoroughly tested. 2. The computer is used when we want to process the data fed into it. 3. There existed huge and slow computers. 4. The computer is a very complicated device employed in calculations. 5. This process described is called automation. 6. Being thoroughly done the computations were used in the research. 7. A problem being examined with the digital computer consisted of several logical parts. 8. He uses those transistors in his experiments. 9. She graduates from the University this year. 10. This problem needs a special investigation. 11. What is your friends' hobby? 12. Speedometer measures the speed of a car. 13. They took measures to improve their work. 14. Our professor's

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assistant is a capable young man. 15. Computers are divided into several types.

СОГЛАСНЫЕ БУКВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ

wh	+ a,e,i,u,y	- [w]	ph	- [f]	kn	- [n]	pn	- [n]
	+ o	- [h]	gu	- [g]	gn	- [n]	ps	- [s]
sc	+ e,i,y	- [s]	qu	- [kw]	wr	- [r]	pt	- [t]
	+ a,o,u	- [sk]	ck	- [k]	rh	- [r]	th	- [D]
								\ [T]

sphere, photograph; dialogue, analogue, guard; block, stick, blacken; knight, known, wrack, wright; quick, quarter, squirrel; scene, scent, scroll, telescope; rhyme, rhetoric; pneumatic; psychologist, psychic; receipt; gnaw, gnash; whether, while, white; who, whose, whom; thought, three, tenth, health; that, than, other, brother

СОЮЗНЫЕ СЛОВА

Связывают придаточное предложение с главным, выполняя функцию члена предложения.

	местоимения	наречия
who - кто, который	what - что, который	where - где, куда
whom - которому...	which, that - который	when - когда
whose - чей, которого		how - как
		why - почему

Exercise 9. Переведите предложения.

1. Who can do it is unknown. 2. He didn't tell us when he had done it. 3. I wonder why he has come here. 4. The thought what to do next is unbearable. 5. I asked her which computer was faster. 6. This is the man whom I told you about yesterday. 7. The way how it could be done was shown to us in the lab. 8. He took the book that was lying on the table. 9. This is the place where I was born. 10. That was the man whose book I had taken the previous day.