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UNIT 2. LESSON 1

СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ

положительная	сравнительная	превосходная
long	longer	the longest
interesting	more interesting	the most interesting
good, well	better	the best
bad, badly	worse	the worst
much, many	more	the most
little	less	the least
far	farther/further	the farthest/furthest

1.Усилители сравнительной степени: much, still, far - намного, гораздо. This film is much more interesting than the book.

2.The + сравнительная степень, the + сравнительная степень - Чем ..., тем ...

The sooner, the better. - Чем быстрее, тем лучше.

3.Парные союзы: as ... as - такой же ... как; not so ... as - не такой ... как.

He is as clever as the others.

She is not so smart as her friend.

Exercise 1. Вставьте нужную степень прилагательного.

1. London is the (large) city in Europe. 2. One of the (fine) streets in London is Regent Street. 3. We can find the (big) London shops there. 4. The climate of England is far (good) than in Finland. 5. Winters are still (cold) than autumns. 6. It's getting (dark) and (dark). 7. This problem is the (important) in our work. 8. I live much (far) from the University than you. 9. He likes summer the (well). 10. Is this dictation (difficult) than it was yesterday?

Exercise 2. Переведите на русский язык.

1. The more you read, the better. 2. The less you read, the less you learn. 3. The more you travel, the more you see. 4. The later you start, the longer you stay here. 5. The more difficult the problem is, the more interesting it is to study. 6. Practice is as important as theory. 7. The nights in summer are not as long as in winter. 8. This colour is as bright as that one. 9. Plastics are as useful as metals. 10. The weather now is not so pleasant as it was in the morning, but it was much better yesterday.

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ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ

numbers:

fractions:

382 - three hundred and eighty-two

1/2 kilometre - half a kilometre

3,200 - three thousand two hundred

1/4 mile - a quarter of a mile

2,045,418 - two million forty-five

1/3 ton - one third of a ton

thousand four hundred and eighteen

0.02 - point o [ou] two

dates:

4.825 - four point eight two five

in 1999 - in nineteen ninety-nine

in 1901 - in nineteen o [ou] one

April 21, 2002 - April the twenty-first, twenty o [ou] two

Exercise 3. Прочитайте следующие числительные:

888;

2561;

717;

35359;

247,012;

54207;

276;

1,000,001;

34,700,200;

376;

0.17; 1/5; 5/8; 35.001; 7.24; 7/9; 0.064; 356.1; 2/17; 7/55;

in 1971; in 1066; in

305;

in 2001;

January 1, 1999;

May 27, 2025.

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

Modal Verb

перевод

эквиваленты

can (could)

мочь, уметь

be able to

may (might)

можно, разрешается

be allowed/permitted to

must

-

должен, нужно, следует

be to; have to; should

Present

Past

Future

Способность или

He can do it.

He could do it.

-

возможность совер-

He is able to do it.

He was able to do

He will be able to

шения действия

it.

do it.

Разрешение или

You may do it.

You might do it.

-

предположение

You are allowed to

You were allowed

You will be allowed

do it.

to do it.

to do it.

Долженствование

I must do it.

-

-

I have to do it.

I had to do it.

I will have to do it.

I am to do it.

I was to do it.

-

I should do it.

-

-

1.Модальные глаголы употребляются со смысловым глаголом без частицыto, не имеют неличных форм(инфинитива, герундия, причастия), не спрягаются, не требуют вспомогательного глагола в вопросе, образуют отрицательную форму путем добавления частицы not.

2.There + can/may be - может быть; There + must be - должно быть.

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3. Модальные глаголы + Infinitive Passive:
This method can/may be used.	Этот метод можно использовать.
must be used.	нужно
cannot/may not be used.	нельзя
must not be used.	не следует

Exercise 4. Сравните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. I can translate this article. I am able to translate this article from Russian into English. 2. He could translate foreign magazines. He was able to translate the article in time. We were able to translate two articles. 3. She will be able to read texts in her speciality. They will be able to read these English texts. 4. You may use dictionaries at the test. You are allowed to translate the text with the dictionary. 5. He might use his notes at the lesson. He was allowed to use the dictionary at the lesson. You were allowed to translate the article at home. 6. She will be allowed to take these books. The students will not be allowed to use dictionaries at the exam. 7. He must study a foreign language. He has to study English. 8. He had to study two foreign languages. He will have to study German at the University. 9. I am to come in time. I was to come in time yesterday. 10. They must come at nine o’clock. They should come to the university tomorrow.

Exercise 5. Переведите предложения с there и Infinitive Passive.

1.These processes cannot be automated. 2. There can be some mistakes in this text.

3.The new material may be used in this process. 4. There must be necessary materials in this article. 5. This rule must be remembered. 6. There cannot be other ways of solving the problem. 7. The work must not be stopped. 8. All instruments must be kept in the laboratory. 9. This work was to be done yesterday. 10. Any day a new star may be discovered. 11. There cannot be any mistakes in this program. 12. This electronic element is to be used in the complex device.

СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

основа гл.+ -tion/-sion/-ion =сущ.: to include(включать) - inclusion(включение)

to examine (экзаменовать) - examination, to continue (продолжать) - continuation, to produce (производить) - production, to consider (рассматривать) - consideration, to accumulate (накапливать) - accumulation, to define (определять) - definition

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основа гл. + -ment = сущ.: to move (двигать) - movement (движение)

to govern (управлять) - government, to treat (лечить) - treatment, to establish (учреждать) - establishment, to replace (заменять) - replacement, to punish (наказывать) - punishment, to equip (оборудовать) - equipment, to manage (управлять) - management

основа прил. + -ty/-ity = сущ.: safe (безопасный) - safety (безопасность)

local (местный) - locality, regular (регулярный) - regularity, plastic (пластичный) - plasticity, rare (редкий) - rarity, real (реальный) - reality, popular (популярный) - popularity

основа гл. + -ance/-ence = сущ.: differ (различаться) - difference (различие)

to insist (настаивать) - insistence, to depend (зависеть) - dependence, to correspond (соответствовать) - correspondence, to resist (сопротивляться) - resistance, to attend (присутствовать) - attendance, to signify (значить) - significance

СЛОВА-ЗАМЕСТИТЕЛИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ one(s), that (those)

Употребляются во избежание повторения одного слова несколько раз:

-с одиночными существительными: This is a black pen and I need a red one.

-с зависимыми словами: The density of water is 1 and that of air is less.

Exercise 6. Переведите на русский язык.

1. The new map is larger than the old one. 2. This diagram is more interesting than the one I saw yesterday. 3. I have read these books, give me the new ones. 4. The results of the experiment obtained today are better than those obtained last week. 5. The atmosphere of Venus is entirely different from that of Earth. 6. The house of my father was near the road and that of my aunt stood on the bank of the river. 7. The day on Mars is longer than that on Earth. 8. The planet Mars is less massive than our planet but its density is greater than that of the Earth. 9. Most countries use units of metric system and not those of imperial one. 10. The territory of Russia is larger than that of Great Britain. 11. What other methods will they use? The ones they used were not very effective. 12. The speed of a rocket is much greater than that of a plane.

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	ЗАКРЫТЫЙ ТИП СЛОГА
	bad, middle
a - [x] mad, fan, fantasy, cat, rat, package
e - [e]	pet, spell, cell, belt, nest, vessel, bred
i,y - [i]	sin, risk, pink, spindle, click, fill, riddle
o - [O]	dog, smog, loss, off, solvent, bottle, slop
u - [A]	bus, butter, thus, shut, us, plus, sun

НУЛЕВОЙ АРТИКЛЬ

Артикль не ставится:

1)перед неисчисляемыми существительными, не имеющими множественного числа:

This is chalk. Это мел. Give me the chalk, please. Дай мне (этот) мел.

2)перед днями недели, названиями языков, to have + lunch, etc.:

It's Sunday.

I study French.

He has dinner at 12.

3)перед существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное:

Take bus 25. Open books to page 17.

4)перед существительными, обозначающими абстрактные понятия:

We want peace and friendship among people.

5) при отвлечении от материального содержания объекта(имеется в виду не объект, а деятельность, с ним связанная):

Go to bed. We go there by bus. He is at work and she's at home.

6) перед собственными именами, названиями городов и стран, спортивными

играми с	глаголомto		play, учебными		предметами		и отраслями	науки, в
обращениях:
I saw Joe yesterday.				He is from France.		I like physics.
Porter, take the bag, please.				I play tennis.
Exercise 7. Вставьте артикль, где нужно.
1. I wake up at 7 o'clock in				... morning . 2. I have		... lunch at 12. 3. I have ...		coffee,
... bread and ...	butter for ...		breakfast. 4. I go to		... school by ...		bus. 5. I usually take ...
bus 15. 6. I like ...		maths and ...		music. 7. I learned ...		English at	....school. 8. You know
that ... London is ....		capital of ....		England. 9. In ...	evening I usually play ... chess with ...
my brother. 10. We live in			....peace. 11. "Let's go to ... school, ... brother." 12. On ...
Sunday I'll stay at ....		home.