- •Part one
- •Module 1
- •Kyiv University. Its Historical and Modern Aspects.
- •Vocabulary Section
- •' Annually a΄ddition uni΄versity
- •2. Read the following text and translate it. Kyiv University. Its Historical and Modern Aspects.
- •Grammar Section Noun
- •Vocabulary Section my studies at kyiv university
- •΄Reasoning tech΄nique uni΄versity
- •The law course at cambridge university
- •University of cambridge faculty of law
- •Grammar Section Present Simple & Present Continuous
- •Unit three
- •Vocabulary Section The Need for Law. Functions of Law. Kinds of Law
- •The Need for Law. Functions of Law. Kinds of Law
- •Injured; insurance; penalty; conduct; fear; takes advantage; offences; purpose; condemn; enable; set; charged with; offenders
- •World of Rules
- •Grammar Section present perferct & present perfect continuous
- •Unit four From the History of Law
- •Vocabulary Section
- •The Birth of Law
- •Grammar Section Past Simple & Past Continuous
- •Unit five The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome
- •Vocabulary Section
- •The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome
- •Grammar Section past perfect & past perfert continuous
- •Unit six The Sources of English Law and Napoleon’s Code
- •Vocabulary Section
- •The Sources of English Law
- •The Petition of Rights
- •Grammar Section future simple
- •Unit seven History of Ukrainian Legal System and Main Sources of Ukrainian Law
- •Vocabulary Section
- •The History of the Ukrainian Legal System
- •Main Sources of Ukrainian Law
- •6. Fill in the appropriate word. A.
- •The Rule of Law
- •Grammar Section Time and Conditional Clauses
- •Unit eight
- •Vocabulary Section Branches of the Law of Ukraine
- •Branches of the Law of Ukraine
- •International Law
- •Grammar Section Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous
- •Grammar Revision
- •Grammar Supplement
- • Uncountable nouns take a singular verb and are not used with a / an. Some, any, much, no can be used with them (e.G. Milk comes from cows. I need some food.)
- •Types of questions
- •The verb Tenses in the Active Voice Present Simple & Present Continuous
- •State Verbs
- •Present perferct & present perfect continuous
- •Past simple & past continuous
- •Used to / Would
- •Past Simple versus Present Perfect
- •Past perfect & past perfect continuous
- •Ways of expressing future future simple
- •Shall & will
- •Future forms future continuous & future perfect & future perfect continuous
The History of the Ukrainian Legal System
The Ukrainian legal system is very close to the Romano-Germanic legal family. After the October Revolution of 1917 the establishment of the Soviet law in Ukraine was closely connected with the spreading of Soviet power and creation of Soviet state bodies. The peculiarity of the Soviet legal system in Ukraine was that it was based on the legal system of the Bolshevik Russia. That is, it was a reception in a very primitive form: the application of the laws of one state in the conditions of the other. As in every federal state, in the USSR the competencies were divided between the Union and the Union Republics. Foundations of legislation, codes, decrees of the Presidiums of the Supreme Councils of the USSR and Ukraine, various legal acts adopted by all-Union and Republic Ministries, including those adopted jointly with CPSU Central Committee, regulations, instructions, guiding materials, statutes, branch enactments and even the revolutionary feeling of justice were used as legal sources. Judicial practice did not belong to the legal sources. The access to the legislation was restricted. The criteria of such restriction were not defined, but in essence it was a policy of depriving people of their individual rights and liberties.
After the Declaration of Independence the need appeared to build a new state and reform the existing legal system in accordance with the state building tasks. So the main purposes stood for a new state: to reject the inappropriate dogmas of the Soviet law and establish the backgrounds and elements of market economy with its legal relationships. The promulgation of new legislation has begun with adapting relevant norms, the adoption of normative acts in the fields of relations, which had not been regulated by the current legislation, and development of the large codification embracing all areas of law. Joining the Council of Europe, Ukraine has taken obligations to improve its legislation in regard with the human rights protection, and to ensure legal and judicial reform.
Main Sources of Ukrainian Law
The Ukrainian legislative system is based on the systematically organized and concerted legal rules (norms), which are combined to constitute different legal fields.
The principal source of Ukrainian law is the Constitution of Ukraine which has the highest legal force. The norms of the Constitution of Ukraine are norms of a direct effect. Appeals to the court in defense of the constitutional rights and freedoms of the individuals and citizens are guaranteed directly on the grounds of the Constitution. The principle of the rule of law was recognized by the Constitution and became effective. Laws and other normative legal acts should be adopted on its basis and conform to it.
Normative legal acts embrace not only laws proper (zakon) but also various normative acts of competent state bodies issued on the basis of laws, in accordance with laws and for their execution. Normative legal acts in Ukraine have different legal validity depending on the law-making subject.
In accordance with the Decree of the Verkhovna Rada On the order of temporary validity of some legal acts of the former USSR on the territory of Ukraine, such documents are in force in some branches till adoption of the new legislation.
In Ukraine the right to adopt laws belongs exclusively to the competencies of the Verkhovna Rada. The right of legislative initiative in the Verkhovna Rada belongs to the President, National Deputies and the Cabinet of Ministers.
The Verkhovna Rada and other state authority bodies are entitled to issue normative acts of the under-law-level in questions assigned to its jurisdiction. The President of Ukraine, on the basis and for the execution of the Constitution and the laws of Ukraine, issues decrees (ukazy) and directives [di΄rektiv] (rozporiadzhennia). The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, within the limits of its competence, issues resolutions (postanovy) and orders (nakazy). All the documents produced by the highest power bodies are mandatory for execution on the territory of Ukraine.
Individual ministries, state agencies and committees, in pursuance of laws of Ukraine, issue resolutions, directives and orders within the specific sphere of their competence. All these normative legal acts, normative acts of the National Bank of Ukraine and international treaties of Ukraine are registered at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.
Another type of law source is a normative legislation (law-making) which is a mutual agreement and contains the legal rules established by law-making subjects as a result of their multilateral agreement and supported by the state. Such agreements are very important in the spheres of civil, commercial and assets relations.
Acts which govern the observance, execution and application of legal norms (law-implementation acts) are issued by competent bodies or officials within the limits of their authority, e.g. the Office of Public Prosecutor, courts or administrative commissions.
Legal customs, ecclesiastical rules, judicial practice and the doctrine [΄doktrin] consisting of commentaries, articles, books, encyclopedias are not recognized as sources of law in Ukraine.
3 .Give each paragraph a heading of your own. Compare your heading with other members of the group. Are all the headings possible?
4. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and expressions. Make up sentences or situations using them.
A. Romano-Germanic legal family: to be tightly connected to sth; the Presidiums of the Supreme Councils; various legal acts; all-Union and Republic Ministries; to adopt jointly with smb; regulations; instructions; guiding materials; statutes; branch enactments; legal sources; the criteria of such restriction; the Declaration of Independence; in accordance with; the inappropriate dogmas; norms; normative acts; current legislation; legal and judicial reform; the legislative system.
B. normative legislation; legal norms; international affairs; special competent bodies; to govern the observance, execution and application; the founding members of the United Nations; to be binding; mutual agreement; multilateral agreement; international treaties; law-implementation acts; ecclesiastical rules; in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine; to issue resolutions; regional budgets; to be mandatory; legal validity; commercial and assets relations.
5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and expressions.
A. Застосування законів однієї країни на умовах іншої; революційне почуття справедливості; судова практика; належати до джерел права; по суті; політика позбавлення людей їх особистих прав та свобод; реформувати правову систему; згідно з завданнями побудови держави; відкинути неприйнятні догми; елементи ринкової економіки; адаптувати відповідні норми; не були врегульовані чинним законодавством; охоплювати всі галузі права; законодавство, яке стосується захисту прав людини; прийняття нормативних актів; Рада Європи; оприлюднення нового законодавства; забезпечити правову та судову реформи.
B. Захист конституційних прав; верховенство права; стосуватися не лише самих законів, але і різноманітних нормативних актів; бути в силі; прийняття нового законодавства; мати право видавати закони; видавати укази та розпорядження; мати право видавати нормативні акти; у межах своєї компетенції; народні депутати; Кабінет міністрів; національний банк; право законодавчої ініціативи; обов’язкові для виконання; зареєстровані Міністерством юстиції; прокуратура; виконуючи закони України.