- •1.Прочтите и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Выполните упражнения:
- •1) Завершите предложения, используя правильный вариант, переведите:
- •2) Ответьте на вопросы:
- •3) Поставьте вопрос к предложению начиная с вопросительного слова, стоящего в скобках:
- •3. Control text.
- •1.Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Выполните упражнения:
- •1) Подберите русские эквиваленты к словосочетаниям:
- •2)Употребите глагол в скобках в правильной форме:
- •3) Завершите предложение, используя правильный вариант:
- •4) Ответьте на вопросы:
- •5)Ответьте, верны ли следующие утверждения:
- •3. Control text
- •1.Прочтите и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Выполните упражнения:
- •1) Ответьте на вопросы:
- •2) Найдите все формы причастия, укажите их и переведите предложения:
- •3) Найдите в тексте предложения в Passive Voice и переведите их в Active Voice(где возможно).
- •4) Замените подчёркнутые слова синонимами из текста:
- •5) Поставьте инфинитив во временные формы, укажите рядом
- •3. Control text
- •1.Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary.
- •2. Выполните упражнения:
- •1)Ответьте на вопросы:
- •2)Употребите слова, стоящие в скобках в Participle I, Participle II или Gerund, переведите:
- •3)Вместо пропусков вставьте предлоги: according to, because of, through, of, at, for, by, during, in, in case of, into, переведите:
- •4)Подставьте вопросы к данным предложениям:
- •5) Кратко перескажите текст.
- •3.Control text.
- •1.Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •International cooperation.
- •Vocabulary.
- •2.Выполните упражнения:
- •1) Найдите в тексте английские определения, соответствующие русским словосочетаниям:
- •2) Подтвердите верны ли утверждения:
- •3) Ответьте на вопросы:
- •4) Скажите где –ing и -ed окончания являются причастием?
- •5) Используя информацию текста продолжите предложения:
- •3.Control text.
- •1.Прчитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary.
- •2.Выполните упражнения:
- •1)К существительным из а подберите прилагательное из б:
- •2)Найдите в тексте предложения с данными словосочетаниями и поставьте к ним вопросы:
- •3) Найдите в следующих предложениях инфинитив, дайте его формы и переведите предложения
- •4) Скажите, верны ли утверждения:
- •5)Выскажите свое мнение о преимуществах и недостатках гидроэлектроэнергии, используйте ключевые слова:
- •3.Control text. Переведите и укажите преимущества гидроэнергетики
- •1.Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Выполните упражнения:
- •1)Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты из б) к английским из а):
- •2) Скажите, верны ли утверждения:
- •3) Дайте определение к следующим фразам по- английски:
- •4) Определите в каких предложениях используются Complex subject, а в каких Complex object?
- •5) Определите и временную форму глаголов и дайте отрицательную форму
- •3. Control text.
- •1. Fossil Fuels
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Выполните упражнения:
- •1) В связи с чем употребляются в тексте следующие словосочетания:
- •2) Ответьте на вопросы:
- •3) Выберите из каждого абзаца основную идею
- •4) Выберите правильную форму:
- •5) Определите форму герундия:
- •3. Control text. Переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы и озаглавьте текст:
5) Кратко перескажите текст.
3.Control text.
Переведите текст. В каждом абзаце найдите ключевое (1-2) предложение.
Electric Power Interruptions
On November 9, 1965, at 5:16 p.m., a back-up relay failed at one of the five main transmission lines at No. 2 station near Toronto, Canada. As the load had shifted to the other four lines, they became overloaded and as a result the relays failed in all four lines. The failure resulted in the load being shifted to the other plants in the system. The plants got overloaded, which caused them to shut down. Within minutes, power plants in Canada, New York, and the New England states got out of service. The blackout affected 30 million people and covered an area of 306,000 sq m. In some areas, such as New York City, power was not restored for about 13 hours.
This massive power blackout resulted in the construction of the national Electric Reliability Council in June 1958. This counci1 sets standards for the design, operation, and maintenance of generating and transmissions systems. These standards serve to prevent a failure in one power system from spreading to other systems. Yet local system fail-uses cannot be avoided.
Nowadays in some European countries and in the US there are from 60 to 80 power interruptions per year, in which there is a loss of service for customers for more than 15 minutes. Mostly these interruptions are caused by weather conditions - ice, freezing snow, lightning or storms. There can be also failures of equipment - transformers, relays, insulators and so on. However, the reliability of electric service is extremely high.
Unit VII
1.Прочитайте и переведите текст
International cooperation.
Since the oil crises of the 1970's international cooperation has become an increasingly important factor in energy policy for most countries of the industrial world. It arose from the need to cope effectively with the disruptive impact of oil-price increases on the economy. International cooperation has contributed substantially to the formulation and application of concerted actions to reduce dependency on oil and respond collectively to emergency situations.
Despite progress, it was soon realized however that energy issues couldn't be solved by industrial countries alone, working in isolation. Nor was it a matter of redistributing energy resources and proceeds from oil-trade between oil producing and consuming countries. Energy policy can no longer be applied without due attention to the realities of an increasingly interdependent world economy, in which long-term issues, like the environment, population growth and the advancement of less developed countries raise serious concerns.
Consequently, international energy cooperation has been included as an integral part of the energy policy of the European Union. The need to strengthen cooperation is further underlined by recent events and developments taking place within as well as outside the Union. In the first place, policy objectives and priorities have concentrated on the establishment of a Single Market to include the energy sector, as a means towards increasing availability and reducing the cost of energy supplies throughout the Union. Given the energy situation prevailing in most of the Member States, attaining this objective depends heavily on the extent to which energy relations with other countries can be promoted and secured. The specific EU Programme concentrates on the transfer of energy policy know-how and strategies to Third Countries with the following approach:
- the global objective of securing energy supplies at reasonable prices;
- facilitating collaboration between European companies and major energy producing and consuming industries in third countries;
- protection of the environment from industrial pollution.
Despite recent economic setbacks, many of the newly emerging world economies are being fuelled by massive increases in energy use and this will have significant repercussions on the environment. Some estimates predict that India and China will be responsible for as much as a quarter of the world's total CO2 emissions by the year 2010. The energy/ environment interrelation is subsequently very important and has been reflected in many cooperation activities, particularly in the area of clean coal technologies or renewable energy sources such as wind, small hydro, solar, photovoltaic, solar thermal and biogas.
Energy co-operation should function in close collaboration with both national administrations and regional organizations. Such cooperation not only contributes to economic development but also to peace and stability for the countries.