Unit 1. Program, design and computer language.

1. Прочтите и выучите новые термины и терминосочетания:

Programming – программирование

Program – программа

Set of instructions – набор инструкций

Solution – решение

To execute – выполнять

Specific task – определенная задача

Machine code – машинный код

Symbolic languages – символические языки

Assembly language – язык «Ассемблер»

Software – программное обеспечение

Low-level languages – языки низкого уровня программирования

Hardware – аппаратное обеспечение

High-level languages – языки высокого уровня программирования

To resemble – быть похожим

Compiler, interpreter – компилятор, интерпретатор

Fortran – язык программирования для выполнения научных и математических приложений

Cobol – язык программирования, используемый в бизнесе

Basic - язык программирования как обучающий язык

Visual basic – язык программирования, используемый для создания windows-приложений

С – язык программирования, используемый для написания программного обеспечения систем, графиков и коммерческих программ

Java - язык программирования, используемый для работы на web-страницах

Java applets – небольшие программы, которые работают автоматически на web-страницах и позволяют Вам включать музыку и игры

Markup languages – языки, которые используются для создания web-документов

HTML – код, используемый для создания web-страниц

Voice XML- предлагает доступ в интернет посредством узнавания речи по телефону (Вы можете использовать телефон для доступа к звуковым web-сайтам)

Pascal - язык программирования, используемый для обучения основам программирования

Object code – код, который преобразует программу в машинный код за один шаг

Markup tags – инструкции для форматирования текстовых файлов

2. Установите соответствие между терминами программирования и дефинициями.

1. programming a. basic language which consists of binary codes

2. machine code b. programming language such as C. Java or Visual BASIC

3. assembly language c. writing computer programs

4. high-level language d. low-level language translated into machine code by an assembler

5. Java apples e. software which converts a source program into machine code

6. compiler f. language used to create and format documents for the Web

7. markup language g. small self-contained program written in Java

2. Заполните пропуски в статье о языке программирования Voice XML словами из рамки.

Internet: Voice recognition takes off

You don't need a sophisticated cell phone to surf the Internet when you're on the road - just your own voice. That's the idea behind a new breed of voice service that is popping up all over the place. Subscribers (1) …………………………..a toll-free phone number and use spoken (2) ………………….to listen to anything from weather conditions to stock quotes, or flight information to news stories. Half a dozen of these services - such as Audiopoint, BeVocal, TellMe and TelSurf Networks - have already gone live or are testing their systems.

These launches are all happening because two crucial technologies have come of age.

(3) software from companies such as Lucent, Nuance and Speechworks can now understand a wide range of accents and diction without having to be trained to a specific voice. And computer languages such as VoiceXML make it as easy to write voice

services as (4) ……………has made it to write web pages. With (5)……………….the human voice becomes a substitute for a computer mouse and the spoken command for a click. It doesn't, however, call up conventional web pages, but content which is specially composed for a telephone:

sound clips, numbers, music, spoken texts. The Economist

4. Обратите внимание на слова, данные перед упражнением. Какие это части речи? Обозначьте их: n – существительное, v – глагол, adj. – прилагательное.

Заполните пропуски в предложениях соответствующими частями речи.

Program_____ programmers______ programming_____ programmable_____

1. __________ is the process of venting a program using a computer language.

2. A computer _________ is a set of instructions that tells the computer how to do a specific task.

3. Most computer __________ make a plan of the program before they write it.

4. A _______ keyboard allows the user to configure the layout and meaning of the keys

Compile________ compiler________ compilation_________

5. Programs written in a high-level language require ________ - that is, translation into machine cone, the language understood by the processor.

6. A source program is converted into machine code by software called a _________

7. Programmers usually ______ then programs to generate an object program and diagnose possible errors.

Bug ______ debug ______ debugger ________ debugging _______

8. Any error or malfunction of a computer program is known as a ________

9. A ________ is a program used to test and _____________ other programs.

10. The process of going through the code to identify the cause of errors and fixing them is called.

4. Прочитайте информацию об инфинитиве и составьте предложение

a). The infinitive

The infinitive with to is used in the following ways:

• To express purpose

We use symbolic languages to communicate instruction to the computer.

(= in order to communicate...)

Not: ... for to communicate

• After adjectives

BASIC was widely used in the past because it was easy to learn.

Machine code is too difficult to write.

(= not easy enough to write)

• After certain verbs (e.g. afford, demand, plan, agree, expect, promise, appear, hope, refuse, arrange, learn, try, decide, manage)

A lot of companies are now trying to develop voice applications for web access.

• After the object of certain verbs (e.g. advise, encourage, allow, expect, tell, ask, invite, want, enable, order, warn)

HTML allows us to describe how information will be displayed on web pages.

The bare infinitive (without to) is used in the following ways:

• After modal verbs (e.g. can, could, may, might, will, would, must, should)

Unfortunately, computers can't understand spoken English.

High-level languages must be translated into machine code.

• After the object with the verbs make and let

Programs make computers perform specific tasks.

b).

1. not easy / write instructions in COBOL

It's not easy to write instructions in COBOL

2. expensive / set up a data-processing area

3. advisable / test the programs under different conditions

4. unusual / write a program that works correctly the first time it's tested

5. important / use a good debugger to fix errors

6. easy/ learn Visual BASIC­

4. Заполните пропуски соответствующими словами:

1. We use high-level languages because machine code is too difficult __________ understand and debug.

a. read; b. reading; c. to read;

2. I went on the course ________ how to be a better programmer.

a. lean; b. to learn; c. for to learn;

3. I'm not interested in ___________ that computer language.

a. learn; b. learning; c. to learn;

4. He refuses ____________ the project with me.

a. do; b. doing; c. to do;

5. The engineers warned the employees not __________ the cables.

a. touch; b. touching; c. to touch;

6. They may not _________ to the conference.

a. come; b. coming; c. to come;

7. Spyware can make your PC ___________ more slowly.

a. perform; b. performing; c. to perform;

8. This program is too slow __________ the simulation.

a. do; b. to do; c. for doing.

7. Составьте предложение:

1. Machine code, PC, execute, the only, can, is, directly.

2. Makes, high-level languages forms, use, easier, which, resembling, programming, English.

3. Java applets, that automatically on web-pages, run, are, programmes, small.

4. To create, used, the languages, are called, web-document, markup languages.

5. Makes, via, speech, recognition, phone, and, content, Internet, accessible, voice XML.

7. Переведите английские слова и словосочетания:

1. Solution,

2. To execute,

3. Software,

4. Hardware,

5. To resemble,

6. Fortran,

7. Basic,

8. Markup languages,

9. Visual basic,

10. HTML.

7. Выполните перевод и обратный перевод следующих английских выражений:

1. We use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer.

2. The program is then translated into machine code by a piece of software called an assembler.

3. To make the program easier to write, software developers designed high-level languages.

4. Markup languages are used to create web-documents.

5. Markup tags are used to format and link text files.

6. HTML allows to describe how information will be displayed on web-pages.

7. Voice XML is used to create visual application.

8. Cabol (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed in 1959.

9. Pascal was created in 1971 and it is used in universities to teach fundamentals of programming.

10. Java was designed by Sun in 1995 to run on the web.

7. Завершите предложение, пользуясь подсказкой.

1. a. Fortran is used for scientific and …

b. Mathematical purposes …

1. Fortran is a …

2. High-level programming language …

2. a. Low-level programming language are closer to …

2. The hardware …

1. To make the programs easier to write the software developers designed …

2. High-level languages …

3. a. Basic was widely used in …

b. Microcomputer programming …

4. a. Pascal is used

b. to teach the fundamentals of programming

5. a. HTML allows to describe how information will be displayed

b. on web pages

6. a. HTML enables use to define our

b. own pages

7. Прочтите и переведите термины и терминосочетания:

Set of instructions, markup languages, solution, software, hardware, low-level languages, high-level languages, Visual Basic, C, Java applets, HTML, Fortran, Cobol, assembly language, to execute, symbolic languages, to resemble.

7. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос: «Сколько языков высокого уровня программирования представлены в тексте?»

Unfortunately for us, computers can't understand spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is machine code, which consists of 1s and 0s (binary code).

Machine code is too difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer. For example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. The program is then translated into machine code by a piece of software called an assembler. Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are closer to the hardware. They are quite complex and restricted to particular machines. To make the programs easier to write, and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of computer, software developers designed high-level languages, which are closer to the English language. Here are some examples:

FORTRAN was developed by IBM in 1954 and is still used for scientific and engineering applications.

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed in 1959 and is mainly used for business applications.

BASIC was developed in the 1960s and was widely used in microcomputer programming because it was easy to earn. Visual BASIC is a modern version of the old BASIC language, used to build graphical elements such as buttons and windows in Windows programs.

PASCAL was created in 1971. It is used in universities to teach the fundamentals of programming.

C was developed in the 1980s at AT&T. It is used to write system software, graphics and commercial applications. C++ is a version of C which incorporates object-oriented programming the programmer concentrates on particular things (a piece of text, a graphic or a table, etc.) and gives each object functions which can be altered without changing the entire

program. For example, to add a new graphics format, the programmer needs to rework just the graphics object. This makes programs easier to modify.

Java was designed by Sun in 1995 to run on the Web. Java applets provide animation and interactive features a web pages.

Programs written in high-level languages must be translated into machine code by a compiler or an interpreter. A compiler translates the source code into object code - that is, it converts the entire program into machine code in one go. On the other hand, an interpreter translates the source code line by line as the program is running.

It is important not to confuse programming languages with markup languages, used to create web documents. Markup languages use instructions, known as markup tags, to format and link text files. Some examples include:

HTML, which allows us to describe how information will be displayed on web pages.

XML, which stands for EXtensible Markup Language. While HTML uses pre-defined tags, XML enables us to define our own tags; it is not limited by a fixed set of tags.

VoiceXML, which makes Web content accessible via voice and phone. VoiceXML is used to create voice applications that run on the phone, whereas HTML is used to create visual applications (for example, web pages).

<xml>

< name> Andrea Finch </name>

< homework> Write a paragraph describing the C language </homework>

</xml>

In this XML example we have created two new tags: <name> and <homework >.

7. Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Do computers understand human languages? Why?/ Why not?

2. What is the function of an assembler?

3. Why did software developers design high-level languages?

4. Which language is used to teach programming techniques?

5. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

6. Why are HTML and VoiceXML called markup languages?

7. Заполните пропуски в предложениях:

1. ________ allows us to create our own tags to describe our data better. We aren't constrainer by a pre-defined set of tags the way we are with HTML.

2. IBM developed _____ in the l 950s. It was the first high-level language in data processing.

3. ________ applets are small programs that run automatically on web pages and let you watch animated characters, play games, etc.

4. ________ is the HTML of the voice web. Instead of using a web browser and a keyboard, interact with a voice browser by listening to pre-recorded audio output and sending, audio input through a telephone.

5. This language is widely used in the business community. For example, the statement ADDVAT NET-PRICE could be used in a _______ program.

7. Перескажите текст.

7. Прочитайте информацию о шагах программирования.

Steps in writing a program

To write a program, software developers usually follow these steps.

• First they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.

• They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program.

• Next they write the instructions in a high-level language (Pascal, C, etc.). This is called coding. The program is then compiled.

• When the program is written, they test it: they run the program to see if it works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This is called debugging, or bug fixing.

• Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get reports from users about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved, it is published as an updated version.

7. Пользуясь информацией задания XVI распределите шаги программирования в правильном порядке:

Document and maintain the program

Test the program and detect bugs

Make flowchart

Write code and compile

Analyze the problem

Debug and correct it if necessary

7. Прочитайте информацию о том, как написать программу и составьте диалог между разработчиком программного обеспечения и студентами группы подготовительных курсов по работе с компьютером пользуясь данной информацией:

I’d like to begin the course by giving you a very basic overview of the programming process. We'll then move to the details. So, to write a program, we normally follow these steps:

A program usually provides a solution to a given problem - for example, how to calculate wages and income tax in a big company. First of all, you have to understand exactly what the problem is and define it clearly. This means you have to decide, in a general way, how to solve the problem. The next step is to design a step-by-­step plan of instructions. This usually takes the form of a flowchart, a diagram that uses special symbols to show how the computer works through the program - where it makes decisions, where it starts and ends, where data is input, things like that.

Next, you write the instructions in a programming language, like BASIC, Pascal or C. These computer instructions are called source code. Then you have to use a compiler, a special program that converts the source code into machine code - the only language understood by the processor, which consists of 1 s and Os.

Once you've written the program, you have to test it with sample data to see if there are any bugs or errors. The process of correcting these errors is called debugging. Computer programmers have to find the origin of each error, write the correct instruction, compile the program again, and test it until it works correctly.

Finally, you have to write program documentation, a detailed description of how to use the program. A great program is not much good unless people know how to use it.