10. Retell the text pointing out the following periods in printing history: pre-printing period, first books, movable type advent, further development of printing.

11. Read the text about the inventor of the printing press and share what you have learnt about him with your group. What was unknown to you? What things were the most surprising?

Most people have the general idea that Gutenberg invented printing. A few who think they know better believe that although the Chinese developed printing, Gutenberg invented movable type. Neither is actually true. Chinese inventors created printing, the paper to print on, and movable type made from wood or ceramics. These concepts spread to the West relatively soon after their invention, especially the manufacture of paper.

Gutenberg's actual inventions were two. Although he was not the first to try casting metal type – the Chinese had tried it and found it too difficult to do properly – he created the first system for casting type so that the letters could form a flat surface, essential to their use in printing. And he invented a printers' ink that would function with metal type. The arrangement he developed to use a modified wine press to impress type held in wooden forms on paper was good enough not to change in any substantial way for about 300 years. From the very first, Gutenberg produced what we still recognize as printing of the highest order.

Little is known about Gutenberg the person. Johann Gutenberg was a goldsmith from Mainz, Hesse (Germany), born just at the end of the 14th century. He was on the losing side of a political conflict in Mainz when he was in his early thirties and, as a result, moved to Strasbourg, then a free city. There is a tiny bit of evidence that by 1435 he had turned from goldsmithing to work at least part time on the development of printing. As a goldsmith, Gutenberg was already accustomed to making stamps used to mark his products. The stamps commonly used by goldsmiths and silversmiths, small punches that leave the mark impressed into the soft gold or silver, are each very close to a single piece of type.

When Gutenberg printed a popular encyclopedia in 1460, the Catholicon, he described the achievement as "printed and accomplished without the help of reed, stylus, or pen but by the wondrous agreement, proportion, and harmony of punches and types."

(from http://www.answers.com/topic/movable-type)

12. Make a written summary of the previous text

13. Prepare and present a report about a person who made a significant contribution to the printing history (whether historical or present-time personality). Use books and/or internet resources.

UNIT 8

Book Structure

A. Discussion. Think of possible answers to the following questions. Share your opinion with the group.

1. Do you know how many parts there are in the books?

2. What do these parts serve for?

3. Which parts are the most important ones?

B. Read and learn the Topical Vocabulary

to contain – содержать

cover – обложка

barcode – штрих-код

book spine – корешок книжного блока

front matter – вступительная часть (обложка и титульные листы)

half-title page – шмуцтитул (страница разворота, где указано название)

frontispiece – фронтиспис (фотография на титульном листе)

title page – титульный лист

copyright notification – упоминание об авторском праве

foreword – введение, предисловие (от третьего лица)

dedication – посвящение

preface – пролог (от автора)

acknowledgment – благодарности (список людей, которым автор выражает благодарность)

to arrange – расположить, разместить

introduction – введение (часть текста книги)

non-fiction book – документальная книга

afterword – заключение, эпилог

end matter – (справочный) аппарат книги

appendices - приложения

glossary – глоссарий, список терминов

reference - ссылка

index – справочный указатель

colophon – выходные данные

C. Read and translate the text.

Text 8

Generally, a book will contain some of the components listed, although not always all of them or in this order.

The Cover: This must be inviting to potential buyers and readers. The front cover should feature title and subtitle (if any); name of the author, authoring body or editor; edition number. The front cover often sells the book so try to use a colour photograph or illustration, as it will make your book look more attractive. The type should be fairly large and readable from a distance and the title should be catchy, memorable and not too long. Back Cover is usually a ‘blurb’ about the author and a photograph; extracts from reviews or information about other works by the author. It should also show the ISBN* and barcode (if applicable). The title and author’s name are also printed down the book spine.

FRONT MATTER: This section is usually numbered in roman numerals.

a) Half-title Page (Page i): Book title only. No page number displayed.

b) Frontispiece (Page ii): Usually blank but can contain a list of other titles by the same author or an illustration that faces the title page (portrait orientation).

c) Title Page (Page iii): This contains the book title, subtitle (if any), author and publisher. It also can include your copyright notification, date of publication, publishing details, ISBN and CiP** Data (if applicable). The names of your editor, book producer and printing company also appear on this page.

d) Dedication and epigraph: This can go on any of the preliminary pages. If you have a simple quote or phrase that is significant to your book, you may want to consider adding it to the front matter of your manuscript as an epigraph.

e) Foreword: This contains a statement about the book and is usually written by someone other than the author, who is an expert or is widely known in the field of the book’s topic. A foreword lends authority to your book and may increase its potential for sales and is most commonly found in non-fiction books. No page number displayed.

f) Contents: This is essential in a non-fiction book that has parts and chapters. A contents page in a fiction book is only used if your work includes specific chapter titles, not just numbers. Roman numeral page numbers are usually displayed from the second contents page.

g) Preface: Common in non-fiction books, the preface is written by the author and usually describes why the book was written, research methods, qualifications and expertise in the book’s subject matter.

h) Acknowledgments: This includes the author’s thanks to people who provided support or help during the writing process or writing career. It may also include credits for illustrations or extracts if not specified elsewhere. This section can also go at the back of the book if preferred.

Text Section

Introduction: This section in a non-fiction book gives information about the following text your reader should know before proceeding to read the book. Unlike a preface, which usually addresses the qualifications of the author, an introduction refers to the main body of the work itself and may also describe, in more detail than a preface, the research methods and overall concept of the book. It normally appears after the contents and before the first chapter of the book. The introduction should start on a right-hand page, and arabic page numbers start here (Page 1).

Chapters: Most non-fiction books are divided into chapters, with titles similar in style and length, and equally placed throughout the manuscript. When text can be logically divided into sections larger than chapters, the chapters may be grouped in parts.

Afterword: This is also a brief concluding section often used in non-fiction works, and does not have a chapter number. An afterword is usually written by someone other than the author.

End Matter

Appendices: These includes any data that might help clarify the information in the book for the reader but would have disrupted the flow of the main text had it been included earlier. Some items included in the appendices might be a list of references, tables, reports, background research and sources, if not extensive enough to be included in a separate section.

Glossary: A glossary comprises alphabetically-arranged words used in the book and their definitions.

Resources: Readers may want to buy products or learn more about the field in which you’ve written. A list of organisations, distributors, websites and other sources can be invaluable to your readers.

Bibliography or References: Both the bibliography and reference sections list the sources for works used in a book. The sources are arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.

Index: The index is an alphabetically-ordered list of words and terms used for referencing the content in a non-fiction book.

Colophon: Originally, the term ‘colophon’ referred to information about the publisher and printing, data now found on the imprint page. However, it can also appear on the last right-hand page of the book containing, e.g. the history of the edition, book designer/producer and printer’s name, typefaces used, paper and binding, etc.

(from: http://www.dragonwick.com/index_files/structure4.htm)

* ISBN (International Standard Book Number) – международная стандартная нумерация книг

** CiP (Cataloguing in Publication) – каталогизация перед публикацией