менгардт английский для техн вузов

5.The figures are considered to be reliable.

6.The effect is known to be due to radiation.

7.The results are reported to contradict the idea.

8.He is known to be a good specialist.

9.The article is said to have become the scandal of the week.

10.In ancient time the Earth was thought to be motionless.

Table 12.6

Absolute Infinitive Construction

We asked him to help us, (with) the work to be done in a week.

12.26.Translate the following sentences. Point out the absolute infinitive construction.

1.We are going to overcome this difficulty, with various means to be tried.

2.There are two approaches to the solution of the problem, one to be used in analytical investigations, the other in simulation.

3.The program uses very simple data structures and algorithms, with a few key techniques to take advantage of hierarchy.

4.A brief overview is given in this paper of some concepts required for applying formal methods to software design, with examples to show how they may be used.

5.With these many steps to perform, a general-purpose processor can require many cycles to perform the transfer of each word.

6.There are two types of rules in the proposed system, one to infer descriptors from features and one to infer parameter values from descriptors.

			Table 12.7
			Infinitive Construction with for
		Function	Example
Subject			For me to translate this text is difficult.
Object			We waited for him to come.
Adverbial modifier			I’ll reread the rule for you to understand.

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12.27.Substitute the following infinitive expressions by for-phrases, as in the model.

Model: – to make this method applicable

–for this method to become applicable

1.to make the research effective

2.to prove the theory valid

3.to make the method suitable

4.to make the difference noticeable

5.to make the error negligible

6.to make the criterion satisfactory

7.to make the technique reliable

12.28.Translate the following sentences. Point out the infinitive construction with for.

Model: – This question is easy enough for me to solve.

1.This situation is too complex for us to understand.

2.This work is simple enough for him to do.

3.This equation is too difficult for me to solve.

4.There is no reason for computer experts to use computers of the first generation nowadays.

5.For these experiments to be meaningful the observations must be made at regular intervals.

6.For me to learn to speak English fluently is not easy.

7.The text was very interesting but rather difficult for the students to translate it without a dictionary.

8.For the results to be valid our technique should be used in combination with statistical analysis.

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Unit 13. ECONOMICS

13.1.Work in pairs. Discuss the answers to the following questions.

1.What famous economists do you know?

2.When was the economics first called the “science of wealth”?

3.Is it important to study economics? Why? Why not?

4.What does economics have in common with astronomy, natural sciences, psychology, meteorology, molecular biology, etc.?

5.Which aspects does the economics deal with?

6.Is there an exact content of economics?

7.Does the economics include such things as personal finance and ways to start business?

8.Would you like to study economics? Why? Why not?

13.2.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.

a notable economist	известный экономист
a science of wealth	наука о благосостоянии (богатстве)
a vast collection	огромная (обширная) коллекция
a theoretical core of economics	теоретическая суть (ядро) экономики
related magnitude	относительная величина
a content of economics	предмет (содержание) экономики
to deal with a problem	решать вопрос (проблему)
to make an attempt	пробовать, делать попытку
weather forecasting	прогноз погоды
human behaviour	поведение человека
a conceivable problem	возможная (постижимая) проблема
for different reasons	по разным причинам
a scope of economics	сфера экономики
annual income	годовой доход
extraordinary array	огромная масса (количество)
expedient	подходящий, выгодный

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13.3.Read the text “What is Economics?” and check your answers to the questions from exercise 13.1.

WHAT IS ECONOMICS?

No brief description can offer the content and character of economics. A notable economist of the last century Alfred Marshall called economics “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”. Another scientist Lionell Robbins, in the 1930s, described economics as “the science of choice among scarce means to accomplish unlimited ends”. During much of modern history, especially in the nineteenth century, economics was called simply “the science of wealth”. So, economics is a social science studying economy. Like the natural sciences and social sciences that make attempts to observe facts (physics, astronomy, meteorology), economics comprises a vast collection of descriptive material organized around a central core of theoretical principles. Like psychology, economics draws much of its theoretical core from intuition, casual observation, and “common knowledge about human nature”. Like astronomy, economics is largely nonexperimental. Like meteorology, economics is relatively inexact, as the weather forecasting. Like molecular biology, economics deals with an extraordinary array of closely interrelated phenomena. Like such disciplines as art, fantasy writing, mathematics, economics attracts different people for different reasons. Though all sciences and disciplines differ, all of them are remarkably similar in one respect: all are meant to convey an interesting, persuasive, and intellectually satisfying story about selected aspects of experience.

The scope of economics is indicated by the facts which it deals with. These consist mainly of data on output, income, employment, expenditure, interest rates, prices and related magnitudes associated with individual activities of production, consumption, transportation, and trade. Economics deals with only a tiny fraction on the whole spectrum of human behaviour, so its range is relatively narrow.

Contrary to popular opinion economics doesn’t normally include such things as personal finance and ways to start business.

In principle, of course, almost any conceivable problem, from marriage, capital punishment and religious observance to drug, abuse, extramarital affairs, and mall shopping might serve as an object for some economists’ attention. There is no clear division between “economic” and “noneconomic” phenomena. In practice, however, economists have generally found it expedient to leave the physical and life sciences to those groups that first claimed them, though not always. In recent years economics have invaded territory once claimed exclusively by political scientists and sociologists, not to mention territories claimed by physical anthropologists, experimental psychologists, and palaeontologists.

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13.4. Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.	There is no brief description of the content and character of
	economics.
2.	In the 19th century economics was called “the science of wealth”.
3.	Economics is a theoretical science.
4.	Economics deals with the problems of income, employment and
	interest rates.
5.	Unlike the natural sciences and social sciences, economics comprises
	a vast collection of descriptive material.
6.	Like psychology, economics is largely nonexperimental.
7.	Marriage and capital punishment might serve as an object for some
	economists’ attention.
8.	Economics doesn’t include such things as personal finance and ways
	to start business.
9.	Notable economists of the nineteenth century Alfred Marshall and
	Lionell Robbins described economics as “the science of choice among

scarce means to accomplish unlimited ends”.

10. In practice, economists haven’t found it expedient to leave the physical and life sciences to those groups that first claimed them.

13.5. Use the expressions from the box and complete the following sentences.

character of economics			personal finance		“the science of wealth”
a vast collection		makes an attempt		deals with		clear division
weather forecasting			remarkably	theoretical core
1.	No brief description can offer the content and … … … .
2.	During much of modern history, especially in the nineteenth century,
	economics was called simply … … … … .
3.	Like the natural sciences, economics comprises … … … of descriptive
	material organized around a central core of theoretical principles.
4.	Like molecular biology, economics … … an extraordinary array of
	closely interrelated phenomena.
5.	Contrary to popular opinion economics doesn’t normally include such
	things as … … and ways to start business.
6.	Like psychology, economics draws much of its … … from intuition.
7.	There is no … … between “economic” and “noneconomic”
	phenomena.

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8.Like … … , economics is relatively inexact.

9.All sciences and disciplines are … similar in some aspects. 10. Like natural sciences, economics … … … to observe facts.

13.6.Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

1.	Economics deals with ...	a) all are meant to convey an interesting
		persuasive and intellectually satisfying
		story about selected aspects of
		experience.
2.	Like psychology, economics ... b) might serve as an object for some
		economists’ attention.
3.	All sciences are remarkably	c) a social science studying economy.
	similar in one respect: ...
4.	Economics is ...	d) only a tiny fraction on the whole
		spectrum of human behaviour.
5. Almost any conceivable		e) draws much of its theoretical core from
	problem ...	intuition and “common knowledge
		about human nature”.

13.7. Choose the correct question for the following answers.

1.No, there isn’t. There is no clear division between “economic” and “noneconomic” phenomena.

a)What is the difference between “economic” and “noneconomic” phenomena?

b)Is there a division between “economic” and “noneconomic” phenomena?

2.It was called simply “the science of wealth”.

a)Was economics called “the science of wealth”?

b)What was economics called in the 19th century?

3.No, it doesn’t. Economics deals with income and interest rates.

a)Does economics deal with personal finance and savings?

b)What aspects does the economics deal with?

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4.It was Alfred Marshall who called economics “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”.

a)Why was economics called “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”?

b)Who called economics “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”?

5.Yes, it is. Economics is largely nonexperimental science in comparison with natural sciences.

a)Is economics a natural science?

b)Is economics different from the natural sciences?

13.8.Put the words in the right order to make sentences, as in the model.

Model: – Any conceivable problem / might be / for economics. / of great importance.

–Any conceivable problem might be of great importance for economics.

1.doesn’t / Economics / include / to start business. / normally / ways

2.was / Alfred Marshal / of the nineteenth century. / a notable economist

3.deals with / an extraordinary array / phenomena. / of closely interrelated / Economics

4.economics / has attracted / for different reasons. / Through centuries / different people

5.is / In comparison with / economics / natural science / largely / nonexperimental.

Table 13.1

Subjunctive Mood

It is necessary that the engine be light and highly efficient.

It is required that the scientific article should include an introduction and conclusion.

If I were you, I would pay more attention to Diploma project.

I wish I were more responsible.

It would be interesting to start this experiment.

He would have taken part at the conference if he had got a letter of invitation in time.

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I should (would) pay more attention to my Diploma Project if I were not so busy at work.

Our scientists suggested that the rocket should be used in interplanetary travel.

The professor insisted that we would take part in the conference. He must hurry lest he should be late.

The new material must be thoroughly tested so that we might use it in a new device.

We wish our test of this engine would give better results.

They wish this method were used in their project.

He wishes this article were published in the scientific magazine. The Earth behaves as if it were a large magnet.

He looked at this article as though (as if) he had never seen it before.

13.9.Read the following sentences and contradict them, as in the model.

Model: – The new methods don’t improve the economic situation.

–It is important (urgent; necessary; desirable) that new methods (should) improve the economic situation.

1.This conference in New York will not be held under the sponsorship of a private computer company.

2.Some private firms in the USA and Britain don’t support the basic research in the sphere of economics.

3.Economic policy in some countries conflicts with the interests of the people.

4.The UNESCO grants for this sort of research are rather small.

5.None of the English participants at the conference are going to make reports.

6.The new concern of the university isn’t connected with the advancement of science.

7.Some changes in research process will bring worse results.

8.The students of the Faculty of Management don’t have humanity subjects.

9.The introduction of these innovations doesn’t promote the progress of science.

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10.The authorities of the faculty are not informed about fundamental investigations in the sphere of economics.

13.10.Choose the correct variant and complete the following sentences.

1.The experimental conditions require that the temperature … not less than the average one.

	a) had been	b) should be	c) was
2.	I wish we … necessary equipment for our laboratory.
	a) have	b) will have	c) had
3.	Everybody knows that this problem … many difficulties.
	a) would create	b) will create	c) created

4.He didn’t realize the importance of his participation in the conference, so he lost the grant. I wish he … more responsible.

	a) was	b) had been	c) will be
5.	It is desirable that the investigations … quite in line with our work.
	a) be	b) were	c) will be
6.	If I hadn’t written the article in time, I … the grant.
	a) won’t get	b) wouldn’t get	c) wouldn’t have got

7.An international center for theoretical economics was set up in order that scientists from different countries … in on-line scientific research.

a) are engaged

b) were engaged

c) will be engaged

8.If he described the necessity of his experiment with more details, he … an excellent mark.

a) can get

b) will get

c) could get

9.It is necessary that the under-graduate students … to become acquainted with laboratory research in this field.

a) will be able b) should be able c) were able

10. I wish I … to finish my course project in the following month. a) can b) will be able c) was able

13.11.Work in pairs and discuss the answers to the following questions.

1.Which is the first thing to do in setting up any business?

2.What kind of business would you like to start?

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3.How much money do you need to set up your own business?

4.Where are you going to take money for your own business?

5.How large is your business going to be?

6.Now long do you expect your business will begin to “pay its way”.

7.Will you take a loan from a bank to start your business?

8.Would you consult the lawyer before setting up any business?

13.12. Read the text.

SOURCES OF FINANCE

In setting up any business the first thing to do is to estimate how much capital will be needed immediately. The amount needed will depend entirely upon the type of business, how large it is going to be, and how long it will be before the business begins to “pay its way”. Once these amounts have been calculated, a serious look can be taken at how the money is to be obtained.

There is a number of sources of capital which can be considered by small businessmen. They are owner’s private savings, personal friends, taking on a partner and a loan from a bank.

The most obvious source of finance is personal savings. The advantage of an owner using his own money is that the business remains free of commitments to partners or outside lenders. It also means that all profits will be his. Personal savings remain the cheapest form of finance available.

Capital can sometimes be obtained in the form of loans from friends, neighbors or relatives. The only disadvantage is that with any business there is always a risk. This means that, if money is obtained in this way, the borrower may one day tell a friend or a relative that all the money has been lost.

Taking on a partner means persuading a person with capital to become a partner in business. The capital would be interest-free and unlike a loan, wouldn’t have to be repaid. Profits, however, would have to be split.

A loan from a bank is another source of finance. But there are some problems exist: the first is to convince the bank that the proposed business is likely to succeed. The second is that the bank will probably want some forms of “security” for the loan which they can take if the loan is not repaid such as a paid-up life assurance policy, a mortgage on a house or a pledge of reasonably valuable personal possessions. A loan is usually for a fixed, clearly stated period. Interest is charged on the full amount of the loan whether it is taken from a bank or not.

One more source of finance is leasing that means simply renting. Some professional advice of a banker or a lawyer should also be taken regarding the sources of finance for business. All in all, if someone is going to set up any business, he should take up and think over everything seriously.

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