менгардт английский для техн вузов

populate nearly the whole board; the RAM chips are the most common kind, and located in the rectangular areas to the left and right.

A PC’s main memory (i.e., its “primary store”) is a fast storage that is directly accessible by the CPU, and is used to store the currently executing program and immediately needed data. PCs use semiconductor random access memory

(RAM) of various kinds such as DRAM or SRAM as their primary storage. The main memory is much faster than mass storage devices like hard disks or optical discs, but is usually volatile, meaning it does not retain its contents (instructions or data) in the absence of power, and is much more expensive for a given capacity than is most mass storage. Main memory is generally not suitable for long-term or archival data storage.

Hard disk

Mass storage devices store programs and data even when the power is off; they do require power to perform read/write functions during usage. Although semiconductor flash memory has dropped in cost, the prevailing form of mass storage in personal computers is still the electromechanical hard disk.

The disk drives use a sealed head/disk assembly (HDA) which was first introduced by IBM’s “Winchester” disk system. The use of a sealed assembly allowed the use of positive air pressure to drive out particles from the surface of the disk, which improves reliability.

If the mass storage controller provides for expandability, a PC may also be upgraded by the addition of extra hard disk or optical drives. For example, DVD-ROMs, CD-ROMs, and various optical disc recorders may all be added by the user to certain PCs. Standard internal storage device interfaces are ATA, Serial ATA, SCSI, and CF+ Type II in 2005.

Video card

The video card – otherwise called a graphics card, graphics adapter or video adapter – processes and renders the graphics output from the computer to

the computer display, also called the visual display unit (VDU), and is an essential part of the modern computer. On older

models, and today on budget models, graphics circuitry tended to be integrated with the motherboard but, for modern flexible machines, they are supplied in PCI, AGP, or PCI Express format.

When the IBM PC was introduced, many existing personal computers used text-only display adapters and had no graphics capability.

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Laptop computers

A laptop computer or simply laptop, also called a notebook computer or notebook, is a small personal computer designed for mobility. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the laptop, such as parallel and serial ports, graphics card, sound channel, etc., is built-in to a single unit. Most laptops contain batteries to facilitate operation without a readily available electrical outlet. In the interest of saving power, weight and space, they usually share RAM with the video channel, slowing their performance compared to an equivalent desktop

machine.

One main drawback of the laptop is that, due to the size and configuration of components, relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original design. Some devices can be attached externally through ports (including via USB); however internal upgrades are not recommended or in some cases impossible, making the desktop PC more modular.

10.12. Match the English terms with their definitions.

1.	A monitor	a) an output device which changes output data
		into printed form
2. Primary storage		b) an input device like a typewriter for entering
	(RAM)	characters
3.	Secondary storage	c) an input device used in computer games for
	(a hard disk)	controlling the cursor or some other symbol in
		its movement around a screen
4.	A keyboard	d) random access memory: this is memory which
		can be read and written to
5.	A mouse	e) an input device which reads images on paper
		using a photoelectric cell and produces
		a computer graphic file as output
6.	A joystick	f) a fixed disk inside a computer which may not
		be removed
7.	A printer	g) the screen of a computer terminal or PC
8.	A scanner	h) a device used to point at a location on a
		computer screen

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				Participle II
				Table 10.6
				Functions
			Functions	Examples
	Attribute			A written letter was on the table.
				The device used is very reliable.
	Part of predicate			This problem remains unsolved.
				The article was translated by my colleague.
	Adverbial modifier			(When) given time to think he always
	(Participle			answered well.
	construction)

10.13. Substitute the attribute clause by the participle II, as in the model.

Model: – the data which have been obtained

–the data obtained

1.the effect which has been predicted

2.the question which has been examined

3.the theory which has been advanced

4.the method which has been suggested

5.the relation which has been demonstrated

6.the experiments which have been described

7.the papers which have been referred to

8.the problem which has been considered

9.the information which has been collected

10.the studies which have been undertaken

10.14.Translate the following sentences.

1.The new materials recommended for car construction were described in the article written by Professor Bright.

2.The data obtained at our laboratory are in full agreement with the theory.

3.The papers given during the morning session were concerned with general problems of physics.

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4.In the two chapters which follow the introduction we shall try to survey the problems listed above.

5.The results presented here add to our knowledge of the ion transport mechanism.

6.For details the reader is referred to the paper by Brown and co-workers published in 2006.

7.The characteristics of the components so far considered can be presented by the following scheme.

8.The recent talks resulted in the agreement just signed.

9.The results obtained are of particular importance for our research.

10.15.Change the time clause into the participle II construction, as in the model.

Model: – When computers are properly programmed, they don’t make computational errors.

–When properly programmed, computers don’t make computational errors.

1.When programs are written in a symbolic language, they require the translation into the machine code.

2.When his article was translated, it was sent to the International Congress.

3.When this substance is exposed to X-rays, it emits light.

4.When this liquid is heated, it occupies a larger volume.

5.When these particles are bombarded by electrons, they become ions.

6.When a particle beam is passed through the gas, it ionizes it.

Table 10.7

Complex Object

to want, to wish, to watch,

to hear, to see, to find, to feel,

to observe, to notice

I heard my name mentioned several times. I want to have the device tested.

We have the device tested. (but: We have tested the device.)

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10.16. Change the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – I have failed to carry out this experiment.

–I want to have this experiment carried out.

1.I have failed to resolve this difficulty.

2.He has failed to confirm this result.

3.They have failed to complete the work in time.

4.She has failed to understand the theory.

5.We have failed to calculate the energy losses.

6.You have failed to bring the results into agreement.

10.17.Translate the following sentences. Point out the complex object.

1.We have performed a thorough study of the mechanism.

2.We have the program debugged.

3.They have found an interpretation of this effect.

4.He wants to have this article translated.

5.We have approximate calculations made.

6.I want to have this work done.

Table 10.8

Absolute Participle II Construction

(When) the project finished, we stopped the experiment.

10.18.Translate the following sentences. Point out the absolute participle II construction.

1.The results obtained, we informed the manager of this fact.

2.The data coded, we finished our work.

3.All the delegations met, the conference began.

4.The article translated, he returned the dictionary.

5.The research finished, the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained.

6.The session was over, with many aspects of the problem left unsolved.

7.All factors considered, we believed that the mechanism is the most likely.

8.All the equipment removed, the explorers stopped working.

9.All things considered, the meeting may be declared closed.

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Unit 11. THE LASER TECHNOLOGY TODAY

AND TOMORROW

11.1.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.

to invent	изобретать, делать открытие
a multipurpose device	универсальное (комплексное)
	устройство
a solution of the problem	решение проблемы
therefore	поэтому, следовательно
to occupy a special place	занимать особое место
new possibilities	новые возможности
to course a problem	вызывать проблему, являться
	причиной
great distances	большие расстояния
as compared to smth.	по сравнению с чем-либо
to determine	определять
the speed of light	скорость света
density of radiation	плотность радиации
to perform operations	проводить операции (мед.)
an application	применение
simultaneously	одновременно
to allow	позволять, разрешать
to forsee	предвидеть, предсказывать заранее
eye surgery	хирургия глаз

11.2.Work in pairs and discuss the answers to the following questions.

1.When were lasers invented?

2.Was the invention of lasers a real revolution in technology?

3.What types of lasers do you know?

4.What spheres of science and technology are lasers used in?

5.What will the laser technologies be like in future? Where will they be used?

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11.3.Read the text “The Laser Technology Today and Tomorrow” and check your answers.

THE LASER TECHNOLOGY TODAY AND TOMORROW

Lasers are devices which produce pure, intense beams of light and radiation. When they were first invented in 1960, nobody knew what to do with them. Though they seem likely to be useful, they were for a while called “a solution waiting for a problem”.

Nowadays the laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology. Atoms emit rays of different length which prevent the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to traveling in the same direction. The result of light that spreads out is very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.

Since the invention of the laser, scientists have developed several types of it which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors. A CO2 gas laser can cut through brick and granite at a temperature of 1500 °C.

Having been developed at Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of the gas generator is about a meter long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.

But the most interesting thing about the semiconductor laser is that it is able to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one. With an efficiency approaching 100 percent as compared to a maximum of about 1 percent of other types, the semiconductor laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

The beam of a laser can be focused very precisely. Its accuracy as a means of measurement has allowed the scientists to calculate the speed of light more precisely than ever before and with the use of laser reflectors, placed on the moon by American astronauts, to determine its exact distance from the Earth.

Surgeons performing operations have found the laser as a surgical knife, able to make bloodless incisions and it is proving invaluable in delicate eye surgery.

But it is in the field of communication that the laser will find its most extensive application in future. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television programs. It will serve for fast communications across continents, under the sea, between the Earth and spaceships and between men traveling in space.

The potential importance of these applications continues to stimulate new developments in laser technology.

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11.4. Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

1.Lasers are …

2.Atoms emit …

3.A CO2 gas laser can …

4.The semiconductor laser is …

5.The most interesting thing about semiconductor laser is that …

6.The semiconductor laser opens up …

7.The beam of a laser …

8.In the field of communication the laser will find …

9.Laser will serve …

10.The potential importance

of laser application continues

…

a)it is able to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one.

b)devices which produce pure, intense beams of light and radiation.

c)to stimulate new developments in the laser field.

d)for fast communications across continents.

e)cut through brick and granite at a temperature of 1500 °C.

f)new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

g)rays of different length which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light.

h)a few tens of a millimeter long.

i)can be focused very precisely.

j)its most extensive application in future.

11.5.Choose the correct variant and complete the following sentences.

1.When lasers were first invented in 1960, …

a)the thought of completely new applications has generated the excitement over the laser.

b)nobody knew the limits to which these devices would be used.

c)nobody knew quite well what to do with them.

2.The first lasers were called …

a)“a solution waiting for a problem”.

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b)“a problem waiting for a solution”.

c)“a solution of all the problems”.

3.The laser forces its atoms to emit …

a)rays having different length and traveling in the same direction.

b)rays having the same length and traveling in the same direction.

c)rays having the same length traveling in different direction.

4.Since the invention of the laser scientists …

a)have developed several types of it.

b)have developed CO2 gas laser only.

c)have developed semiconductor laser only.

5.The semiconductor laser is …

a)a few hundreds of a millimeter long.

b)a few thousands of a millimeter long.

c)a few tens of a millimeter long.

6.The most interesting thing about the laser is that it is able …

a)to transform light wave energy directly into the electrical one.

b)to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one.

c)to transform light energy directly into the electrical one.

7.The invention of the laser has helped the scientists …

a)to calculate the speed of light more precisely than ever before.

b)to calculate the distance between all the planets of solar system.

c)to calculate the speed of space shuttles from the Earth to the moon.

11.6.Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.A CO2 gas laser can cut through brick and granite at a temperature of 1500 °C.

2.Having been developed at Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators.

3.The gas laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

4.With the help of laser reflectors, which were placed on the moon by American astronauts, scientists determined the exact distance from the Earth.

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5.Surgeons have found the laser as a “surgical knife”, able to make bloodless incisions.

6.It’s impossible to foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations.

7.The laser will be used for fast communications under the sea and across continents.

8.The invention of lasers is one of the least important achievements in science and technology.

11.7. Choose the correct answer to the following questions.

1.What is a laser?

a)It is a device which converts one form of energy into another.

b)It is a device which produces pure intense beams of light and

radiation.

c)It is a device which transmits electrical energy into the nuclear one.

2.Which of the following directions can be a laser used in?

a)It can be used for cooking meals.

b)It can be used in the system of education.

c)It can be used in eye surgery.

3.What gas is used to cut through brick and granite?

a)CO2.

b)Argon.

c)Helium.

4.Which of the laser qualities is being exploited as a means of measurement?

a)The strength.

b)The accuracy.

c)The sensitivity.

5.How much is the density of semiconductor laser radiation?

a)It is hundreds of thousands of times smaller than that of the best ruby laser.

b)It is thousands of times smaller than that of the best ruby laser.

с) It is hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.

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