менгардт английский для техн вузов

9.3.Read the text “Introduction to the WWW and the Internet” again and choose the correct question for the following answers.

1. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve some information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas.

a)What is the Internet?

b)What do people use the Internet for?

c)Do people in our country use the Internet?

2.People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange.

a)What is electronic mail?

b)What are the means of informational exchange?

c)How do people communicate?

3.The World Wide Web (WWW) is the information that is connected or linked together like a web.

a)What does the WWW stand for?

b)What is the World Wide Web?

c)What is the WWW linked to?

4.You access some information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.

a)How can you access any information?

b)What is a Web browser?

c)How many interfaces are there in the WWW?

9.4. Match the English terms with their definitions.

1.	The Internet	a) some information held on disk: data, programs, text
2.	An electronic	b) an individual or group making use of the output of
	mail (e-mail)	a computer system
3.	A network	c) an informal shared public network linking the operating
		system UNIX and other computers world-wide using
		the Internet protocol
4.	An interface	d) a general term for any computer program(s)
5.	A file	e) the computer equipment and its peripherals

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6.	A user	f) to press the button on a mouse to initiate some action
		or mark a point on the screen
7.	Hardware	g) a common boundary between two systems, devices
		or programs
8.	An icon	h) a system which connects a number of computers and
		communication devices to enable messages and data to
		be passed between those devices
9.	To click	i) a visual symbol or picture used in menu to represent
		a program or a file
10. Software		j) messages sent between users of computer systems,
		where the system is used to hold and transport messages

9.5. Read the text.

THE HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION

The history of telecommunication is an important part of the larger history of communication. Early telecommunications included smoke signals and drums. Drums were used by natives in Africa, New Guinea and South America, and smoke signals in North America and China. In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. However, semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometers (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed in England by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke. It used the deflection of needles to represent messages and started operating over twenty-one kilometers (thirteen miles) of the Great Western Railway on 9th April, 1839. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2nd September, 1837. The first successful transatlantic telegraph cable was completed on 27th July, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

The conventional telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London. Bell held patents needed for such services in both countries. The technology grew quickly from this point, with intercity lines being built and telephone exchanges in every major city of the United States by the mid-1880s. In spite of this, transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927 when a connection was established

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using radio. However no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated on 25th September, 1956 providing 36 telephone circuits.

In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between Britain and the United States earning him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1909 (which he shared with Karl Braun).

On 25th March, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette pictures at the London department store Selfridges. In October 1925, Baird was successful in obtaining moving pictures with halftone shades, which were by most accounts the first true television pictures. This led to a public demonstration of the improved device in January 26, 1926 again at Selfridges. Baird’s first devices relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television.

However, for most of the 20th century televisions depended upon the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and crude silhouette images were demonstrated to his family on 7th September, 1927. John Logie Baird switched from mechanical television and became a pioneer of colour television using cathode-ray tubes.

In September 11, 1940, George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. In the 1960s, researchers started investigating packet switching – a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5th December, 1969 between the University of California, Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbara. This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway’s NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.

In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today. An e-mail protocol, SMTP, was introduced in August 1982 by RFC 821 and HTTP/1.0 a protocol that would make the hyperlinked Internet possible was introduced in May 1996 by RFC 1945.

9.6.Read the text “The History of Telecommunication” again and answer the following questions.

1.What did early telecommunications include?

2.Who were drums and smoke signals used by?

3.When was the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system built?

4.What year was the last commercial line abandoned?

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5.Who constructed the first commercial electrical telegraph?

6.What did Samuel Morse develop?

7.What did Alexander Bell invent in 1876?

8.Where were the first commercial telephones services set-up?

9.What is Guglielmo Marconi famous for?

10.What became known as the mechanical television?

11.Who is considered to be a pioneer of colour television?

12.When did researchers start investigating packet switching?

13.When was the TCP/IP protocol created?

14.What year was an e-mail protocol introduced?

9.7.Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false

(F).

1.Drums were used by natives in Australia.

2.In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system.

3.In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between France and the United States.

4.Baird’s first devices relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the colour television.

5.The cathode ray tube was invented by George Stibitz.

6.John Logie Baird became a pioneer of colour television.

9.8.Choose the correct variant and complete the following sentences.

1.The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by …

a)George Stibitz.

b)Guglielmo Marconi.

c)Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke.

2.The conventional telephone was invented by …

a)John Logie Baird in 1845.

b)Alexander Bell in 1876.

c)George Stibitz in 1940.

3.In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi …

a)established wireless communication between Britain and the United States.

b)became a pioneer of colour television.

c)invented the conventional telephone.

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4.On 25th March, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird …

a)started to investigate packet switching.

b)publicly demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette pictures.

c)constructed the first commercial electrical telegraph.

5.In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced …

a)the Internet Protocol v4.

b)SMTP.

c)the Transmission Control Protocol.

6.An e-mail protocol was introduced in …

a)April 1980.

b)September 1888.

c)August 1982.

9.9.Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1.Early telecommunications included … … and … .

2. In 1792, a French engineer, … … built the first … … (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris.

3.The first commercial electrical … was constructed … … by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke.

4.The conventional … was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876.

5.In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established … … between Britain and the United States earning him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1909 (which he shared with Karl Braun).

6.In October 1925, … was successful in obtaining moving pictures with halftone shades, which were by most accounts the first true … … .

7.John Logie Baird switched from … … and became a pioneer of … … using cathode-ray tubes.

8.In September 11, 1940, … … was able to transmit problems using … to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed

results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

9.In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the … … v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the ... … … (TCP) – thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the … relies upon today.

10.An … protocol, SMTP, was introduced in August 1982 by RFC 821 and HTTP/1.0 a protocol that would make the … … possible was introduced in May 1996 by RFC 1945.

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9.10. Read the text.

WAP PHONE

What is WAP? WAP stands for “wireless application protocol” which allows users to send e-mails and access any information from the Internet on a mobile phone. This has been made possible by technological advances in “bandwidths”, the amount of data that can be received or sent within a fraction of a second. This means that it can be used for many more purposes than were previously imagined, including video transmission.

People are expected to use WAP to access online news and financial services, sports scores and infotainment, most of which you should be able to reach by scrolling down a set menu bar. You will also be able to book tickets by WAP.

Sending e-mails is likely to be the application that is used most often, as people will be able to pick up messages at any time from anywhere in the world. Gambling and games, some of which can be downloaded, are also expected to be popular with users. But you can, of course, use the WAP to make regular phone calls.

9.11. Match the following words and expressions with their equivalents.

1. Wireless	a) строка меню (строка, содержащая названия
Application	меню приложения, расположенная под
Protocol	строкой заголовка окна)
2. a fraction of	b) протокол, предназначенный для
a second	распространения информационных
	материалов по Интернет
3. to scroll	c) получать сообщения
4. online	d) комп. прикладная задача
5. a menu bar	e) загружать (по каналу связи)
6. an application	f) доля секунды
7. to pick up	g) в режиме реального времени
messages
8. to download	h) прокручивать изображение в окне,
	скроллировать
9. e-mail	j) электронное письмо; имейл (разг.)
10. infotainment	i) информационно-развлекательная среда, такая
(information +	как мультимедиа системы
entertainment)

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9.12. Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

1.WAP stands for

2.This means that it can be used for many more purposes

3.People are expected to use WAP

4.You will also be able

5.Sending e-mails is likely to be the application

a)to access online news and financial services.

b)that is used most often.

c)are also expected to be popular with users.

d)use the WAP to make regular phone calls.

e)than were previously imagined.

6.	Gambling and games	f) “wireless application protocol”.
7.	You can	g) to book tickets by WAP.

9.13. Translate the text “WAP Phone” into Russian.

9.14. Work in pairs. Discuss answers to the following questions.

1.What are mobile phones mostly used for?

2.What do you personally use your mobile for?

3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a mobile phone?

	Syntactical Мetalanguage
S	– subject
V	– verb
Vs	– verb + ending -s
Ved/2	– verb in the Past Simple
Ved/3	– Participle II
Ving	– Participle I

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					Table 9.1
			Simple (Indefinite) Tenses
		Past		Present	Future
		S + Ved/2		S + V(s)	S + will V
I went to the cinema				I go to the cinema every	I will go to the cinema
yesterday.				week.	tomorrow.
				(He goes…)
		Did + S + V?		Do/Does + S + V?	Will + S + V?
Did you go to the ci-				Do you go to the cinema	Will you go to the ci-
nema yesterday?				every week?	nema tomorrow?
– Yes, I did. / No, I				– Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.	– Yes, I will. / No,
didn’t.				(Does he go…?)	I won’t.
				– Yes, he does. / No, he
				doesn’t.
S + did not + V				S + do/does not + V	S + will not + V
Short form: didn’t				Short forms: don’t,	Short form: won’t
				doesn’t
I didn’t go to the				I don’t go (He doesn’t	I won’t go to the
cinema yesterday.				go…) to the cinema	cinema tomorrow.
				every week.

9.15.Change the following sentences into the past simple or future simple tense.

1.I usually compare the experiment results.

2.They do not often discuss their problems with us.

3.Do you often deal with complicated problems?

4.He always measures all these parameters during the experiment.

5.Does he ever take notes of the initial and final results?

6.We sometimes compare the results received with the theory.

7.I do not often get the equipment ready for the measurements.

8.My colleague and I do independent researches every month.

9.You sometimes try new methods.

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10.Does she ever change the experiment conditions?

11.Нe works in the team on theoretical research.

12.He does not often use electron microscopy.

9.16.Write the following statements about each person involved, as in the model.

Model: – My assistant and I check the instruments.

–I check the instruments.

–My assistant checks the instruments.

1.My assistant and I analyze the results.

2.My colleague and I take part in all the experiments.

3.Dr. Brown and I often talk about our achievements.

4.My assistant and I design measuring instruments.

5.My colleague and I always keep a record of the results received.

6.My colleague and I never obtain bad results.

7.My assistant and I often make computations.

8.Dr. Smith and I rarely apply infrared spectroscopy.

9.17.Make questions with what, when, where, how, how often, how much, why, as in the model.

Model: – You measure it.

–What do you measure?

–How do you measure it?

–Why do you measure it?

–When do you measure it?

1.You study them.

2.We observe it.

3.It changes.

4.He determines it.

5.She checks them.

6.They detect it.

7.We analyze them.

8.It increases.

9.They produce them.

10.It divides.

11.I ignore them.

12.We talk about it.

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9.18.Contradict the following statements, as in the model.

Model: – I assume Dr. Fox reported some new data.

–You are mistaken. (You are wrong.) He didn’t report any new data.

1.I think he used some experimental techniques.

2.I suppose he outlined the present state of research in this field.

3.If I am not mistaken, his paper included some theoretical aspects of the last investigations.

4.I think you made some progress in your research work last year.

5.He presented some new experimental data in his paper.

6.I think he took all these facts into account.

7.If I am not mistaken, he formulated a new theoretical concept.

8.I think you made reference to our previous research in your paper.

9.I am sure his experiment attracted the attention of specialists.

10.I think his theory led to some discoveries in physics.

11.I think his research resulted in a new mechanism of the process.

12.If I am not mistaken, they made this experiment last year.

13.I suppose it took her two hours to complete the experiment.

14.If I am not mistaken, this hypothesis lacked confirmation.

15.I think this course of investigation suited our purpose.

16.I suppose they made the fundamental discoveries in this new science nearly twenty years ago.

17.If I am not mistaken, all available data correlated well.

9.19.Answer the following questions using the future simple tense, as in the model.

Model: – What are you going to do tomorrow? (go on with experiments)

–I think I will go on with my experiments.

1.What are you going to do on Monday? (write a report)

2.What are you going to do at the weekend? (have a rest)

3.What are you going to do next week? (pass exams)

4.What are you going to do next month? (read a lot of literature in English)

5.What are you going to do next year? (graduate from the university)

6.What are you going to do in the near future? (become a programmer)

7.What another problem are you going to take during the next meeting? (bring the experiment and theory into agreement)

8.What are your plans for the next year? (find a good job)

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