менгардт английский для техн вузов
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Table 9.2 |
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Progressive (Continuous) Tenses |
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Past |
Present |
Future |
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S + was/were + Ving |
S + am/is /are + Ving |
S + will be + Ving |
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I was doing |
I am doing |
I will be doing |
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my homework |
my homework now. |
my homework |
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at 5 o’clock / when he |
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at 5 o’clock / when he |
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came. |
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comes. |
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Was/Were + S + Ving? |
Am/Is/Are + S + Ving? |
Will + S + be + Ving? |
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Were you doing your |
Are you doing your |
Will you be doing |
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homework at 5 o’clock / |
homework now? |
your homework at 5 |
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when he came? |
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o’clock / when he |
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– Yes, I was. / No, |
– Yes, I am. / No, |
comes? |
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I wasn’t. |
I’m not. |
– Yes, I will. / No, |
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I won’t. |
S + was/were not + Ving |
S + am/is/are not + Ving |
S + will not be + Ving |
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Short forms: |
Short forms: |
Short form: |
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I (he she, it) wasn’t |
I’m not |
won’t |
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we (you, they) weren’t |
he (she, it) isn’t |
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you (we, they) aren’t |
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I wasn’t doing my |
I’m not doing my |
I won’t be doing my |
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homework at 5 o’clock / |
homework now. |
homework at |
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when he came. |
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5 o’clock / when he |
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comes. |
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9.20.Use the following sentences to describe the modern science, as in the model.
Model: – Scientific information did not grow so rapidly during the last century.
–Scientific information is growing very rapidly now.
1.Not so many people took part in research during the last century.
2.Scientists did not work in big research teams during the last century.
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3.Knowledge did not expand so rapidly during the last century.
4.Science did not provide such a vast mass of data during the last century.
5.Science did not attract so many people during the last century.
6.Scientists did not publish so many papers during the last century.
7.The number of publications did not increase so rapidly during the last century.
8.Not so many new branches of science emerged during the last century.
9.21.Complete the following sentences with the present, past or the future progressive form of the verb in brackets, as in the model.
Model: – What … you … now? (read)
–What are you reading now?
1.When I came home, my sister … her report. (prepare)
2.What … you … tomorrow at 11? (do)
3.Who… he … yesterday evening? (talk to)
4.We … a test tomorrow morning. (write)
5.Where is the teacher? He … the new material. (explain)
6.I … an article yesterday at 5 o’clock. (translate)
7.They … their exam tomorrow afternoon. (pass)
Past
S + had + Ved/3
I had written the letter by 5 o’clock / before he came.
Had + S + Ved/3?
Had you written the letter by 5 o’clock / before he came?
– Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.
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Table 9.3 |
Perfect Tenses |
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Present |
Future |
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S + has/have + Ved/3 |
S + will have + Ved/3 |
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I have just / already / |
I will have written the |
recently / lately |
letter by 5 o’clock / |
written the letter. |
before he comes. |
Have/Has + S + Ved/3? |
Will + S + have + Ved/3? |
Have you already |
Will you have written |
written the letter? |
the letter by 5 o’clock / |
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before he comes? |
– Yes, I have. / No, |
– Yes, I will. / No, |
I haven’t. |
I won’t. |
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S + had not + Ved/3 |
S + have/has not + Ved/3 |
S + will not have + Ved/3 |
Short form: |
Short forms: |
Short form: |
hadn’t |
haven’t, hasn’t |
won’t have |
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I hadn’t written the |
I haven’t written the |
I won’t have written the |
letter by 5 o’clock / |
letter yet. |
letter by 5 o’clock / |
before he came. |
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before he comes. |
9.22.Change the following sentences, as in the model.
Model: – I am going to show my slides.
–I haven’t shown my slides yet.
1.I am going to review the data.
2.I am going to explain the result of the experiment.
3.I am going to find some mistakes in the article.
4.I am going to write my thesis.
5.He is going to visit our laboratory.
6.He is going to read his paper.
7.She is going to describe the results.
8.She is going to complete this experiment.
9.We are going to test this installation.
10.We are going to discuss this problem.
11.They are going to send us reprints of their papers.
12.They are going to use the new approach.
9.23.Answer the following questions using the present, past or the future perfect tense, as in the model.
Model: – Why don’t you send your paper to a journal? (already)
–I have already sent it to “Nature” journal.
1.Why don’t you write to the editor of this journal? (by the end of this week)
2.Why don’t you read my article? (by 5 o’clock yesterday)
3.Why don’t you have a talk with your group leader? (recently)
4.Why doesn’t he answer your letter? (by the end of the week)
5.Why don’t you show him your results? (just)
6.Why doesn’t he send you a copy of his paper? (by next Monday)
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7.Why doesn’t your leader give you some advice on the matter? (already)
8.Why don’t you show Dr. Brown a copy of your recent paper? (by the beginning of the next term)
9.24.Choose the right variant and complete the following sentences.
1.My friend … the university last year.
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a) had entered |
b) entered |
c) has entered |
2. |
Yesterday at 1 p.m. I … some additional material in the library. |
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a) read |
b) had read |
c) was reading |
3. |
A programmer … instructions and data to the computer. |
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а) give |
b) giving |
c) gives |
4. |
They … their new project by the end of May. |
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a) will finish |
b) will have finished |
c) will be finishing |
5. |
I …this question over when I … him. |
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a) will talk; meet |
b) will talk; met |
c) will talk; will meet |
6. |
I … already … my report. |
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a) had made |
b) has made |
c) have made |
7. |
He … English before he went to the USA. |
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a) learnt |
b) had learnt |
c) has learnt |
8. ‘Have you done your homework yet?’ a) do b) doing
‘No, I … it now.’ c) am doing
9. Don’t come to my place at 5 o’clock. I … . |
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a) will work |
b) will be working |
c) will have worked |
10. I … my diploma work now. |
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a) write |
b) wrote |
c) am writing |
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11. |
We … it before you … . |
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a) have done; come |
b) had done; came |
c) had done; come |
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12. |
As a rule he … tests well. |
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a) is writing |
b) write |
c) writes |
13. |
I can’t go out because I … the experiment. |
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a) haven’t finished |
b) hadn’t finished |
c) didn’t finish |
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Table 9.4 |
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Simple Tenses (Passive) |
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be + Ved/3 |
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Tense |
Model |
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Example |
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Present |
am / is / are + Ved/3 |
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The work is done every day. |
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Past |
was / were + Ved/3 |
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The work was done yesterday. |
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Future |
will be + Ved/3 |
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The work will be done tomorrow. |
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9.25.Change the following sentences into the past and future simple passive, as in the model.
Model: – Some interesting facts are generally reported at conferences.
–Some interesting facts were reported at our last conference.
–Some interesting facts will be reported at our next conference
Iexpect.
1.Some slides are generally shown during the discussions.
2.Some conclusions are generally given at the end of a paper.
3.Some conference papers are often followed by the discussions.
4.Some panel discussions are often organized.
5.Some outstanding scientists are usually invited to give review papers (or invited papers).
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Table 9.5 |
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Progressive Tenses (Passive) |
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be + being + Ved/3 |
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Tense |
Model |
Example |
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Present |
am / is / are + being + Ved/3 |
The work is being done now. |
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Past |
was / were + being + Ved/3 |
The work was being done |
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at 5 o’clock / when he came. |
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Future |
Future Simple is used. |
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9.26.Translate the following sentences.
1.Much attention is being given at present to the development of international scientific cooperation.
2.The idea of conducting researches on the international level was being widely discussed at the scientific meeting when Mr. Brown came.
3.Some improvements are being introduced in the organization of research work in this country and abroad.
4.Much is being done to improve the conditions of the experiment.
5.The problem of training of college and university students for laboratory research is being discussed in numerous articles.
6.Intensive investigation is being carried out in the field of nuclear physics.
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Table 9.6 |
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Perfect Tenses (Passive) |
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have + been + Ved/3 |
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Tense |
Model |
Example |
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Present |
have / has + been + Ved/3 |
The work has just been done. |
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Past |
had + been + Ved/3 |
The work had been done |
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by 5 o’clock / before he came. |
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Future |
will have + been + Ved/3 |
The work will have been done |
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by 5 o’clock / before he comes. |
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9.27.Change the following statements using passive structures, as in the model.
Model: – We have carried out a few experiments this week.
–A few experiments have been carried out this week.
1.We have recently undertaken a new program.
2.They had put forward a new idea by the end of the meeting.
3.They will have made an analysis of the data by next Monday.
4.They had held an important meeting by the end of the last week.
5.They had done an interesting research before they got the better results.
6.We have lately published a few papers on this problem.
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7.They have recently given some useful recommendations.
8.We have just given a few illustrative examples.
9.He has lately ignored this important fact.
10.They will have introduced some new measuring instruments by the beginning of the presentation of the new method.
9.28.Choose the right variant.
1.Этот дом строился, когда я вернулся в город.
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a) built |
b) was being built |
c) has been built |
2. |
Новые дома строят каждый день. |
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a) are being built |
b) are built |
c) have been built |
3. |
Я уверен, что дом построят к октябрю. |
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a) will be built |
b) is being built |
c) will have been built |
4. |
Сейчас там строится новый дом. |
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a) is being built |
b) is building |
c) is built |
5. |
Этот дом был уже построен, когда я приехал сюда. |
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a) has been built |
b) was built |
c) had been built |
6. |
Много домов будет построено в следующем месяце. |
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a) will built |
b) will be built |
c) will have been built |
7. |
Этот дом только что построили. |
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a) had built |
b) has been built |
c) was built |
9.29. Choose the correct variant.
1. |
Что ты делаешь сейчас? Пишу тест. |
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a) have written |
b) am writing |
c) write |
2. |
Он напишет доклад к 1 декабря. |
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a) will write |
b) will be writing |
c) will have written |
3. |
Я писал в то время, когда она пришла. |
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a) write |
b) was writing |
c) have written |
4. |
Завтра в 7 часов вечера я буду работать. |
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a) will be working |
b) work |
c) will have worked |
5. |
Я уже перевел половину статьи до того, как вы пришли. |
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a) was translating |
b) had translated |
c) translate |
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6. |
Именно эта проблема сейчас обсуждается на конференции. |
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a) discussed |
b) are being discussed |
c) is being discussed |
7. |
Этот вопрос будет обсуждаться на следующем заседании. |
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a) will be discussed |
b) will have discussed |
c) will discuss |
8. |
Дома будут построены к сентябрю. |
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a) will be built |
b) will have been built |
c) will build |
9. |
Иностранные языки изучаются студентами. |
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a) are learnt |
b) leant |
c) were learnt |
10. Эту проблему уже разрешили. |
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a) has solved |
b) solved |
c) has been solved |
9.30. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
Simple Active |
Simple Passive |
Ved/2, V(s), will V |
be + Ved/3 |
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1.The latest surgical instruments were used during this unique operation.
2.Before the experiment the substances are mixed in a large cup.
3.The commission will consider this offer carefully.
4.This airplane crosses the Atlantic in 10 hours’ time.
5.My friend entered the University last year.
6.The letter will be sent in a day.
Progressive Active |
Progressive Passive |
be + Ving |
be + being + Ved/3 |
1.Next Monday we will be working only 5 hours.
2.The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived.
3.The new device is being tested in the laboratory.
4.I was doing my homework at 7 o’clock in the evening.
5.‘Where is John?’ ‘He is repairing his car.’
6.When I saw them, they were discussing the principal conclusions from the work.
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Perfect Active |
Perfect Passive |
have + Ved/3 |
have been+ Ved/3 |
1.By that time we had already changed our plans.
2.The street has been widened.
3.He decided to become a writer when his first story had been published.
4.I have already done my report.
5.They will have finished their new project by the end of May.
6.The theatre will have been built by the beginning of the year.
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Unit 10. COMPUTERS
10.1.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.
a device |
устройство, прибор |
originally |
первоначально, изначально; сначала |
abacus |
счеты |
a slide rule |
логарифмическая линейка |
astrolabe |
астролябия |
an analytical engine |
аналитическая машина |
a punched paper card |
бумажная перфокарта |
a template |
трафарет, шаблон |
Jacquard loom |
жаккардовый ткацкий станок (назван по |
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имени французского изобретателя |
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Ж.М. Жаккарда) |
automated data processing |
автоматическая или автоматизированная |
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обработка данных |
a tabulating machine |
счётно-аналитическая машина; табулятор |
Boolean algebra |
булева алгебра, алгебра логики |
a thermionic valve |
(электронная) лампа с термокатодом |
a teleprinter |
телетайп, телеграфный печатающий |
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аппарат |
a computation |
вычисление |
key features |
основные характеристики |
binary arithmetic |
1) двоичная арифметика; |
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2) двоичное арифметическое устройство |
floating point |
комп. плавающая десятичная запятая |
capacitor memory |
конденсаторная память, конденсаторное |
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запоминающее устройство |
programmability |
программируемость, возможность |
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программирования |
to rewire |
1) переделывать монтажную схему; |
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перемонтировать схему; |
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2) (за)менять проводку |
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