менгардт английский для техн вузов

11.8.Write the correct question for the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – In the nearest future lasers will be used in the sphere of communication.

–What sphere of technology will the lasers be used in the nearest future?

1.Lasers produce pure, intense beams of light and radiation.

2.The invention of the laser was called “a solution waiting for a problem”.

3.Surgeons performing operations have found the laser as a surgical knife which is able to make bloodless incisions.

4.Yes, it is. The semiconductor laser is able to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one.

5.The accuracy of the laser beam has allowed the scientists to calculate the speed of light more precisely.

6.It is the field of communication where the laser technology will find the most extensive application in future.

7.The use of laser reflectors allowed the American astronauts to determine the exact distance from the moon to the Earth.

8.The most interesting thing about the semiconductor laser is its ability to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one.

9.Semiconductor quantum generators were developed in 1960.

10.Yes, there is. There are a lot of possibilities for the laser technology not only in science and technology, but in everyday life, either.

11.The laser will find its most extensive application in the sphere of communication.

12.The accuracy of the laser has allowed the scientists to calculate the speed of light.

11.9.Put the words in the right order to make sentences, as in the model.

Model: – a multipurpose tool / Nowadays / the laser / has become.

–Nowadays the laser has become a multipurpose tool.

1. several / types / Scientists / have developed / of / lasers.

2.can be focused / very precisely/ The laser beam / in a very small area.

3.are being opened. / laser application / New areas of

4.The laser / can be used / cancer treatment. / as a means of

5.was / invented / in 1960. / Semiconductor / generator

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Gerund

				Forms	Table 11.1
			Aspect	Active	Passive
	Simple			translating	being translated
				going	–
	Perfect			having translated	having been translated
				having gone	–

11.10.Combine the two sentences changing the second one into by + gerund.

Model: – The machine was tested. We increased the load.

–The machine was tested by increasing the load.

1.The changes were traced. We stained the preparation.

2.The condition was created. We increased the pressure.

3.A better result was obtained. We combined these methods.

4.The components were separated. We centrifuged the medium.

5.The defect was reduced. We replaced some parts of the apparatus.

6.The result was checked. We used another technique.

7.The reaction rate was increased. We increased the temperature.

8.We found the error. We repeated the experiment.

11.11.Combine the two sentences changing one of them into gerund construction.

Model: – We should exchange preprints of papers. The idea is good enough.

–The idea of exchanging preprints of papers is good enough.

1.We should re-examine this conception. The necessity for this is great.

2.We must collect statistical information but the procedure is time-consuming.

3.We should look for a compromise solution. The idea is reasonable.

4.We should use this approach. The advantage of this is beyond doubt.

5.We can test the samples. The procedure is simple.

6.We can measure the density. The method is accurate enough.

7.We should localize the defect but the problem presents much difficulty.

8.We should look for a better technique. The idea seems reasonable.

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11.12. Change the time clause into in + gerund construction.

Model: – This approach works well when we estimate the results.

–This approach works well in estimating the results.

1.This technique is preferable when we analyze this material.

2.Computers are indispensable when we process a large amount of information.

3.Many factors become important when we make a classification.

4.Profound knowledge is needed when we evaluate a research work.

5.He was very careful when he was listing the original works.

6.We found this error when we were calculating the other parameters.

7.These facts were taking into account when we were planning our experiment.

8.This question was raised when we were discussing the research program.

9.We observed a curious thing when we were analyzing these samples.

10.I made a mistake when I was planning this experiment.

Table 11.2

				Functions
			Function	Example
				Reading English papers is necessary for every
	Subject			engineer.
				His having read this article helped him with
				his diploma work.
	Part of predicate			His favorite occupation is reading.
	Object			He likes reading.
				He is thinking of reading his report at the
				conference.
	Attribute			I like his way of reading.
				After reading the article he made a short
	Adverbial modifier			summary of it.
				(= having read – причастие I)
				By reading much we learn much.

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11.13.Point out the gerund function in the following sentences.

1.Samuel Morse’s hobby was experimenting with electricity.

2.I am interested in giving you effective training.

3.Using a computer for this purpose is one of the best ways of keeping the speed steady.

4.There is no way of bringing these views into agreement.

5.He suggested setting up a program committee for this symposium.

6.The idea of exchanging books and preprints appealed to everybody.

7.Scientific meetings help in exchanging the new information.

8.The exercises differ in presenting various grammatical patterns.

9.There are good reasons for making a compromise.

10.The process of editing this book will take some time.

11.Designing and manufacturing of minicomputers were started under the international cooperation.

12.I remember seeing Dr. White at the last conference.

					Table 11.3
				Gerund and Participle I
		Function		Gerund	Participle I
	Subject			Driving a car is a profession.	–
	Part of			His hobby is driving.	He is driving to Moscow.
	predicate
	Object			He writes articles about	–
				driving.
	Attribute			His plan of driving to Mos-	The man driving a car is our
				cow is not good.	chief engineer.
	Adverbial			Before driving a car one	Driving a car a man tries to
	modifier			must learn to do it properly.	keep steady speed and watch
					the car in front of him.

11.14.Point out the function of the gerund and participle I in the following sentences.

1.Numbers can be multiplied by repeated addition, by adding and shifting or by using multiplication tables.

2.Conflicting reports have been published.

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3.Adding numbers is the easiest process in the system of calculation.

4.Having made a great number of experiments with different devices the research group chose the best one for practical work.

5.We are developing a new program of cooperation.

6.Acquiring knowledge is not sufficient in itself; you must also practice the art of applying this knowledge to problems you hit upon.

7.The applications of laser techniques are expanding very rapidly.

8.The next question of the discussion is making a program for the computer.

9.Of course we are limited today by computer size and especially by our understanding of what we try to model.

			Table 1.4
			Gerund Construction
		Form	Example
		Simple Active	I know of his translating the article.
		Perfect Active	I know of his having translated the article.
		Simple Passive	I know of the article being translated.
		Perfect Passive	I know of the article having been translated.

1.15.Translate the following sentences.

1.We heard of different experiments having been carried out by our students.

2.Computer’s being used for solving many business problems makes its use almost boundless.

3.We know of the computer center being equipped with most up-to-date means of communications.

4.They insisted on the experiment being made to study single stars in details.

5.It is known of their working on the problem of laser application in medicine.

6.Newton’s having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory.

7.Our being invited to take part in such a conference is very important.

8.Our having been sent here to repair some parts of this device is not surprising.

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11.16.Read the text “The Century of Lasers” and answer the following questions.

1.Why was the 20th century called “the age of lasers”?

2.What spheres of science and technology are lasers used in?

3.Did physicists know of the tremendous capabilities of lasers?

4.What is the main problem of quantum electronics nowadays?

5.What is the only thing one has to do in order to increase the capacity in a gas laser device?

6.What types of lasers do you know?

7.What type of laser device was used to achieve the best results?

8.What was the first laser called?

9.Which lasers are very weak? Where are they used?

10.What type of laser can cut through the steel?

THE CENTURY OF LASERS

The 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of polymers, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age of laser.

It is impossible to list all the jobs the laser can do. It has become a part of our life being used in various industries, medicine, biology, etc. It should be mentioned that all the methods we know of processing materials with the laser were suggested not long ago. Physicists knew of the tremendous capabilities of the laser beam, but they could not be realized until the laser of adequate capacity was developed. To make a real device really useful the radiation intensity had to be increased and high beam efficiently created.

Creating a highly effective laser device is still one of the main problems of quantum electronics. In a gas laser device the only thing one has to do in order to increase the capacity is to increase the volume and the pressure of gas. This sounds simple, but in practice it causes some difficulties.

The best results were achieved with electro-ionizing laser devices (EILD) operating in carbon dioxide. They have found a wide field of application. EILD of some 10 kilojoules and pulse duration of 1/1,000,000,000th of a second can heat plasma to nearly thermonuclear temperatures.

There are many other types of lasers. The laser medium can be solid, gas, liquid or semiconductor. The first type of laser was called a ruby laser. A ruby laser is a solid-state laser which emits rays at a wave length of 964 nm. Other laser mediums can be selected based on the desired emission wave length, power needed and pulse duration. Some lasers are very powerful, such as the CO2 laser, which can cut through the steel.

Other lasers, such as diode lasers are very weak and are used as red-pocket lasers to point at things. These lasers typically emit a red beam of light that has a wave length

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between 630 nm and 680 nm. Lasers are used in industry and research to do many things, including using the intense laser light to excite other molecules to observe what happens to them.

The age of lasers is endless. There will be the times when one can use lasers in different spheres of science and technology as well as in everyday life.

11.17.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – The first type of laser was called a diode laser.

–The first type of laser wasn’t called a diode laser.

–It was called a ruby laser.

1.There are two different types of lasers.

2.A ruby laser is a liquid laser.

3.Diode lasers are very strong.

4.CO2 laser can cut through the leather.

5.To make a device really useful the radiation intensity had to be decreased.

11.18.Match the following expressions with their equivalents.

1. windless weather	a) реальный взгляд
2. a universal device	b) магнитное поле
3. an active part	c) важное достижение
4. a dangerous experiment	d) разнообразные возможности
5. successful realization	e) универсальное устройство
6. an important achievement	f) успешная реализация
7. various opportunities	g) опасный эксперимент
8. a creative approach	h) безветренная погода
9. a realistic view	i) творческий подход
10. a magnetic field	j) активная роль

11.19.Complete the following sentences with some of the expressions from exercise 11.18. Then, translate them.

1.There was not any wind outside when we were having an experiment. So … … gave us the chance to finish the project by the end of the day.

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2.The head of our department was excited with our … … of the problem. He considered it to be creative and outgoing.

3.After the … … of the new electronic device, we had some interesting suggestions for its mass production from well-known computer companies.

4.Recent … … in the sphere of laser technology are described in my research work.

5.I usually take … … … in the discussion of future plans and possibilities.

				Multifunctional words
				Table 11.5
				The verb to be
			Function	Example
	Main verb			The device was in the lab.
				The device is in the lab.
				I am a programmer.
	Part of predicate			Our task is to finish the test by 5 o’clock.
				His notes were of great help in our work.
	Auxiliary verb			They are still waiting for him.
	(Active Voice)			They have been waiting for him since 5 o’clock.
				The work was finished in time.
	Auxiliary verb			This question is being widely discussed at the se-
	(Passive Voice)			minar now.
				Some important problems have been solved.
	Modal verb			The teacher is to come at five.

11.20.Point out the function of the verb to be in the following sentences.

1.His recent theory is of special interest.

2.Everything is in constant motion.

3.The atom is to serve mankind.

4.He was asked to read this paper at the conference.

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5.I am familiar with the work of this laboratory.

6.The students are to be at the laboratory at 6 o’clock.

7.Laughter is the best medicine.

8.The delegation is to come on Monday.

9.The effect was surprising.

10.Your recent results have been obtained with a new method.

11.21. Translate the text. Point out the function of the verb to be.

Physics is the science studying various phenomena in nature. Its object is to determine exact relations between physical phenomena. Physics is divided very naturally into two great branches, experimental and theoretical. The task of the former is to make observations and carry out experiments. On the basis of the experimental facts theoretical physics is to formulate laws and predict the behavior of natural phenomena. Every law is based on experiments. Scientists all over the world are doing their best to find answers to numerous unsolved problems.

Table 11.6

			The verb to have
		Function		Example
Main verb				They have (got) new laboratory
				equipment.
Auxiliary verb				We have introduced a new system of
(Active Voice)				work.
Modal verb				I have to buy another newspaper.

11.22.Point out the function of the verb to have in the following sentences.

1.We have measured the dimensions of the object.

2.This material has wonderful properties.

3.She has to do a lot of work today.

4.He had some doubts after the meeting.

5.They have got a new computer.

6.We have traced the particle trajectory.

7.Mr. Smith stayed at his office because he had to write his report.

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11.23. Translate the text. Point out the function of the verb to have.

Radioactivity is invisible and inaudible, and we cannot feel it until we have received too much of it and become ill. But in our nuclear age we have a vital tool, the Geiger counter, which is used for detecting radioactivity. It was invented by Hans Geiger, a German physicist, and has the ability to register cosmic rays as well as gamma-rays. Geiger counters have been made for all kinds of purposes – light ones for uranium prospecting, built-in types for atomic power stations and research establishments; counters with warning signals for factory workers who have to handle radioactive matter and whose hands and clothes have to be checked and so on.

			Table 11.7
			The verb to do
		Function	Example
Main verb			They do their homework every day.
Auxiliary			‘Do you go to work every day?’ ‘No, I don’t.’
verb			‘Does she study at the university?’ ‘Yes, she does.’
(Active Voice)			‘Did they finish the job yesterday?’ ‘No, they didn’t.’
Substitute			Metals conduct electricity better than semiconductors do.
			This device does help them in their work.
Emphasis			‘Why didn’t you translate this article?’ ‘But I did translate
			it!’

11.24.Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb to do and point out its function.

1.We always … the homework.

2.‘What … you …?’ ‘I am a university teacher.’

3.What methods … you use during the last experiment?

4.I like mathematics but my brother … like it at all.

5.‘… you go to the university yesterday?’ ‘No, I … .’

6.A wise man seldom changes his mind, a fool never … .

7.We … apply mathematical methods.

8.I hate physics, I … like it at all but Nick … .

9.‘Why didn’t you go to the university yesterday?’ ‘But I … go there!’

10.I … the test now. And you?

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