1.What would happen if a pig trap gets stuck in the pipeline? What solutions must be considered?

2.In case of a leak (pipeline rupture), block valves isolate this pipeline section. What if the block valves are out of order? What will happen? What solutions must be considered?

3.Cathode protection system prevents corrosion on the external surface of a pipeline. Describe other methods.

4.How is a pipeline controlled?

5.When a leak is detected, what are the necessary steps?

15. You will hear a part of advertisement informing listeners about

AMPL Multiple Pig Launching System. Put the statements A-G in the right order as they appear in the text.

A	The first pig continues along a pipeline.
B	The kicker line is opened.
C	The pig enters a receiver, pig trap isolation valve closes
	and the trap is drained.
D	The pig trap isolation valve opens and the kicker line
	valve reopens.
E	Product flows into the launcher.
F	Pigs are preloaded into a simple cassette.
G	The cassette is inserted into the launcher and a closure
	door shuts.

16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing information. The first sentence is done for you.

Pipe is a tube 1. or hollow cylinder to convey fluid. The terms 'pipe' and 'tubing' are almost interchangeable. 'Pipe' is generally specified 2._______________, whereas 'tube' is usually defined 3.________________but may be specified by any combination of dimensions (OD, ID, wall thickness). 'Tube' is often made to custom sizes and may often have 4._______________. Also the term "tubing" can be applied to tubes of 5. _______________. The term 'tubing' is more widely used in the USA and 'pipe' elsewhere in the world. Both "pipe" and "tube" imply 6.

______________. Pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, or by 7.______________. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing.

375

1.………… nominal, outside, or inside diameter and wall thickness.

2.………… more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe

3.…………… by the internal diameter (ID)

4.………….. a non-cylindrical nature (i.e. square tubing).

5.………. by the outside diameter (OD)

6.……… a level of rigidity and permanence.

7.………. or hollow cylinder to convey fluid.

17. Fill in the table and record the information from the text according to the following items: type, material, purpose

The manufacturing of pipe uses many materials including ceramic, metal, concrete, and plastic. Pipe may be made from a variety of materials. In the past, materials have included wood and lead. Metal pipes are commonly made from unfinished, black, or galvanized steel, brass, and ductile iron. Plastic tubing is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, noncorrosive properties, and ease of making connections. Pipe may also be made from concrete or ceramic. These pipes are usually used for low pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage. Reinforced concrete can be used for large diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction.

TYPE	MATERIAL	PURPOSE
Metal pipes	Black steel	Pipeline construction

18. Read the text “Pipeline Construction” and pay attention to the underlined terms.

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Terms and Vocabulary
survey	разведка
setting out	установка, трассирование
Right-of-way (ROW)	отвод земли
cleaning	расчищение
grading	планирование,	выравнивание,
	планировка
ditching	разработка траншеи
stringing	укладка плетей трубопровода
bending	сгибание труб
road crossing	пересечение дорог
skidding the pipe	опорная рама для сварки
	трубопровода
welding	сварка
line-up	центровка
internal welding	внутренняя сварка
external welding	наружная сварка
beveling	подготовка кромки
slings	трубный строп – для подвески на
	тракторе-трубоукладчике
horizontal directional drilling	горизонтально-направленное
(HDD)	бурение
non-destructive testing (NDT)	неразрушающий контроль
field-joint coating	изоляция сварного шва
padding	наружная присыпка
lowering	спуск трубопровода в траншею
backfilling	засыпка траншей трубопровода
tie-in welding	соединение секции
hydrostatic testing	опрессовка, гидравлические
	испытания
final tie-in	последнее соединение секции
final clean-up	восстановление
ROW restoration	восстановление
sideboom	трубоукладчик с боковой стрелой
crane	подъёмный кран
pass	проход

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Pipeline Construction

Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter from 30 to 120 cm (about 12 to 47 inches). Where possible, they are built above the surface. However, in more developed, urban, environmentally sensitive or potentially dangerous areas they are buried underground at a typical depth of about 1.3–1.6 meters (about 3 feet). The oil is kept in motion by a system of pump stations built along the pipeline and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline.

Here are the following steps in pipeline construction:

1 Survey, setting out – marking the centerline of the pipeline ditch and edges of the right-of-way.

2 Right-of-way (ROW), clearing, grading – ROW width is determined by the diameter of the pipeline to be installed and includes room for the pipeline and working space for the construction equipment used to install the pipeline. A low silt fence protects it against erosion.

378

3 Ditching – excavated soil (spoil) is deposited on the ditch bank. In certain areas, particularly farmland, the ditch will be excavated in two passes with a first pass removing topsoil and the second pass excavating the remaining soil to the required pipeline burial depth.

4 Stringing – laying sections of pipe along the ROW (stringing) uses pipe in varying lengths (joints). Stringing trucks transport pipe from a stockpile to the ROW where a pipe layer or crane lays them along the ROW.

5 Bending – joints of pipes can be bent to accommodate elevation changes, horizontal direction changes or both along the ROW. If a change cannot be designed within the field-bending constraints special pipe bends (factory bends, hot bends) must be manufactured for the special location.

6 Road crossing – boring beneath a road does not damage the road surface, and traffic flow is not interrupted by the boring activity. Line pipe used for the road crossing has a thicker external coating to provide extra protection

379

during installation. The road crossing pipe is joined to the welded strings of line pipe by a tie-in crew using manual welding.

7 Skidding the pipe before being welded, line pipe is lifted onto skids made of timber and stockpiles along the ROW so that the entire circumference is accessible.

8 Welding – the work here assumes use of automatic welding to join the sections of line pipe, which provides consistency, uniform welds and fewer repairs. To prepare the line pipe for automatic welding, a beveling and facing machine trims, cuts and grinds the pipe ends with the special edge preparation required by the process. Line pipe comes from the pipe mill with a standard edge preparation or with a plain end if the pipe is specially ordered for automatic welding.

9 Line-up, internal welding – a series of pneumatically operated pistons radially spaced around the internal clamp centers the joints and correctly aligns the pipe ends for welding. The first welding pass is made with the internal welding torches and is called the “root”; this is the primary strength weld that fuses the two pipes.

10 External welding (firing line back end) – the external torches make the next welding pass (hot pass). Together the root and hot passes provide the required fusion and strength to join the pipes permanently. The remainder of the weld passes (fill passes) is made from the outside. The final welding pass (cap) completes the weld and forms a cap over the bevel. The number of welding stations for the automatic welding crew varies depending upon the wall thickness of the line pipe.

11 Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) – is often the preferred method for constructing the pipeline across such obstacles as streams or wetlands.

380

12 Non-destructive testing (NDT) after welding the joints are inspected by non-destructive methods to verify weld integrity. How many welds are inspected varies depending on the code to which the pipeline is designed, the service of the pipeline (gas or oil products), its location (environmentally sensitive areas, highly populated areas or other risk factors) and the requirements of the pipeline owner. Inspection of 100 % of the welds is not uncommon. Customary inspection is by internal X-ray, external gamma ray or ultrasonics.

13 Field-joint-coating – the factory-applied external coating does not cover a few inches of each pipe to allow for welding. After NDT inspection, fieldjoint coating is applied to the bare sections at the pipe welds covering the exposed pipe and the weld.

381

14 Padding, lowering and backfilling – welded strings of pipe vary in length depending on the terrain conditions but are typically hundreds of feet long. Before the pipe strings are lowered into the ditch, selected padding, usually sand, is placed on the ditch bottom to cushion the pipe. In rocky soil, the fill may be placed around and on top of the pipe (shading). A fleet of sidebooms lifts the string off the timber skids and lowers it into the ditch. The sidebooms use special slings that cradle the pipe on rollers allowing the sideboom to travel down the ROW as the pipe slides into the ditch. The ditch spoil is pushed back into the ditch to cover the pipe except for certain sections that must be left uncovered to make tie-in welds and allow for hydrostatic testing.

15 Tie-in welding – individual pipe string ends are cut and trimmed to join the pipe strings with external clamps accurately aligning the pipe. NDT inspection is performed after the pipe has been welded and the field-joint coating applied. Tie-in welding is also required at road crossings, river crossings and other intersections along the ROW where the main production welding crew cannot access the pipe.

16 Hydrostatic testing, final tie-in – the pipeline is filled with water until the internal pressure in the pipeline exceeds the internal pressure to which the line will be subjected during operation. The elevation profile of the pipeline determines the lengths of the hydrostatic test sections because elevation changes affect the internal pressure. Water for hydrostatic testing is typically taken from rivers and lakes along ROW. Dry areas may require a well to be drilled or water to be delivered by truck along the ROW. After sections have been hydrostatically tested, they are joined with a manual tie-in weld. These

382

final welds are NDT inspected. After hydrostatic testing and final tie-in, open sections of the ditch are filled in.

17 Final clean-up, ROW restoration – grading the ROW smooth and clear, placing marker signs to identify the pipeline location, repairing any fences or other structures temporarily removed for construction and seeding the soil to reintroduce vegetation are the final activities. Special attention is paid to drainage and erosion control so that ROW, with time, is restored as closely as possible to its pre-construction while allowing access for regular visual inspections.

19. Match the terms with Russian ones. There is one extra term.

Example: 17. ROW – A. отвод земли

1 .	survey	A.	Отвод земли
2.	setting out	B.	планировка, выравнивание
3.	line-up	C.	сгибание труб
4.	clearing	D.	сварка
5.	trenching (ditching)	E.	пересечение дорог
6.	skidding the pipe	F.	горизонтально-направленное бурение
7.	stringing	G.	внутренняя сварка
8.	external welding	H.	восстановление
9.	grading	I.	засыпка траншей трубопровода
10.	padding	J.	подвижной участок фронта
			нефтепроводных работ
11.	lowering	K.	разведка
12.	welding	L.	центровка
13.	NDT	M.	присыпка
14.	ROW restoration	N.	соединение секции
15.	field-joint-coating	O.	опрессовка
			383

16.	road crossing	P.	спуск трубопровода в траншею
17.	ROW	Q.	плетей трубопровода
18.	firing line	R.	наружная сварка
19.	internal welding	S.	опорная рама для сварки трубопровода
20.	HDD	T.	разработка траншеи
21.	land backfilling	U.	изоляция сварного шва
22.	hydrostatic testing	V.	неразрушающие испытания
23.	bending	W.	расчищение
24.	tie-in welding	X.	последнее соединение секции
25.	final tie-in	Y.	установка

Z.укладка плетей трубопровода (вдоль

трассы)

20.Find Russian equivalents to the following English words and phrases. There is one extra Russian word.

Example: соединение двух ниток трубопровода – tie-in

1.	изгородь	A.	room
2.	толщина	B.	low silt
3.	подъём уровня	C.	fence
4.	ручная сварка	D.	thickness
5.	ограничение	E.	pass
6.	сплошной	F.	topsoil
7.	врезка в магистральный	G.	burial depth
	трубопровод
8.	проход	H.	stockpile
9.	место	I.	elevation
10.	длина окружности	J.	constraints
11.	колено трубопроводa	K.	pipe bend
12.	штабель, склад труб	L.	manual welding
13.	илистые отложения	M.	skid
14.	глубина залегания	N.	timber
15.	пахотный слой	O.	circumference
16.	опорная рама для сварки	P.	uniform
	трубопровода
17.	лотковая опора -трубопровода	Q.	consistency
18.	вершина сварного шва	R.	plain end
19.	прочность	S.	strength
20.	передний край	T.	root
21.	лесоматериал	U.	cap
	384

22.	гладкий конец, ненарезанный	V .	bevel
	конец
23.	подготавливать кромки	W.	cradle
24.	трубная головка	X.	leading end

25.устойчивость

21. Match the verb with the noun and the corresponding translation. There can be several answers.

Example: cushion (v) – line pipe string (смягчать / уменьшать действие чего-л.)

1.	to deposit	pipe (x 2)	A. выравнивать
2.	to lay	pipe end (x2)	B. включать
3.	to accommodate	drill string	C. скользить
4.	to trim	line pipe	D. обрезать кромки
5.	to grind	pipe sections	E. проверять
6.	to align	swivel joint	F. зашлифовать
7.	to fuse	elevation changes	G. соединяться
8.	to lubricate	weld integrity	H. прокладывать
9.	to incorporate	two pipes	I.	размещать
10. to slide		excavated soil	J.	урегулировать
11. to verify			K. смазывать

22. Read the following word formations and translate the sentences that include these words.

Example: The “root” is the primary strength weld that fuses two pipes. –

Вершина сварного шва является основным прочным соединением двух труб.

excavate (v) – excavation (выемка грунта) – excavated soil (spoil) –

(вынутый грунт)

access (v) – accessible (удобный; доступный)

ream (v) – reamer (расширитель) – reaming (расширение ствола

скважины)

fuse (v) – fusion (провар шва) install (v) – installation – installing inspect (v) – inspection

1.Working space for the construction equipment is used to install the pipeline.

2.Line pipe used for the road crossing has a thicker external coating to provide extra protection during installation.

385

3.For installing the line pipe, a cap is connected to the leading end of the pipe string.

4.How many welds are inspected varies depending on the code to which the pipeline is designed.

5.NDT inspection is performed after the pipe has been welded and the field-joint coating applied.

6.After NDT inspection, field-joint coating is applied to the bare sections

at the pipe welds covering the exposed pipe and the weld.

7.Together the root and hot passes provide the required fusion and strength to join the pipes permanently.

8.The ditch will be excavated in two passes with a first pass removing topsoil and the second pass excavating the remaining soil to the required pipeline burial depth.

9.Line pipe is lifted onto skids made of timber and stockpiles along the ROW so that the entire circumference is accessible.

10.Tie-in welding is also required at road crossings, river crossings and other intersections along the ROW where the main production welding crew cannot access the pipe.

11.The swivel joint is connected to the reamer and the drilling rig again pulls the reamer back through the hole from the pipe side to the rig side, along with the pipe string connected to the reamer.

12.Crews attach a reaming device to enlarge the pilot hole to accommodate the line pipe.

23. Form nouns from the following verbs or nouns -ing and give the definitions to these terms.

Example: drill – drilling
set out (v)	skid (v)	trench
clear (v)	weld (v)	string
grade (v)	pad (v)	test (v)
lay (v)	lower (v)	coat (v)
bend (v)	backfill (v)
cross (v)	ditch (v)

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24. Match the definitions with the following terms.

Example: 12. padding – (j) sand placed on the ditch bottom to cushion the pipe.

1.	ROW	A.	join sections of line pipe providing
			consistency, uniform welds and fewer repairs.
2.	trenching	B.	the primary strength weld that fuses the two
	(ditching)		pipes
3.	stringing	C.	method for constructing the pipeline across
			such obstacles as streams or wetlands.
4.	skidding	D.	customary inspection by internal X-ray,
			external gamma ray or ultrasonics.
5.	welding	E.	bare sections at the pipe welds covering the
			exposed pipe and the weld.
6.	root	F.	line pipe lifted on skids along the ROW so
			that the entire circumference is accessible.
7.	HDD	G.	ditch spoil pushed back into the ditch to cover
			the pipe except for certain sections that must
			be left uncovered to make tie-in welds and
			allow for hydrostatic testing.
8.	backfilling	H.	width determined by the diameter of the
			pipeline to be installed and includes room for
			the pipeline and working space for the
			construction equipment used to install the
			pipeline.
9.	field-joint coating	I.	laying sections of pipe along the ROW
10.	tie-in welding	J.	sand placed on the ditch bottom to cushion
			the pipe.
11.	NDT	K.	individual pipe string ends that are cut and
			trimmed to join the pipe strings with external
			clamps accurately aligning the pipe.
12.	padding	L.	excavated soil (spoil) deposited on the ditch
			bank.

387

25. Number these instructions for installing a pipeline by HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) across a river. Describe this process by putting the statements in the logical order. The first element is done for you.

	A.	It is filled with water to contain and settle the spoil or cuttings
		that result from the operation.
	B.	The pre-reaming operation pulls the reamer back, cutting and
		enlarging the opening.
	C.	The trailer-mount is positioned near an excavation on the near
		side (rig side).
	D.	After the pre-reaming operation is completed, the drill pipe is
		pulled back from the near side
	E.	Then a reaming device is attached to enlarge the pilot hole to
		accommodate the line pipe
	F.	A cap with a swivel joint is connected to the leading end of the
		pipe string.
	G.	The pull-back operation installs the line pipe under the river.
	H.	The drill string contains a survey instrument near the head or
		cutting end, which guides the cutting head in both vertical and
		horizontal directions.
	I.	The swivel joint is connected to the reamer.
	J.	This first drill forms the “pilot” hole.
	K.	A mixture of drilling mud and water is pumped into the hole,
		lubricating the drill string.
	L.	The line pipe string to be installed is welded.
	M.	The drill moves to the opposite bank under the bottom of the river.
1.	N.	Here is a typical river crossing.
	O.	The drilling rig pulls the reamer back through the hole from the
		pipe side to the rig side, along with the pipe string connected to
		the reamer.

26. Which steps in Ex. 22 (pg. 388–389) do these diagrams show?

_____________ ______________ _____________

388

____________ _____________ _____________

_______________ ______________ _____________

27. Refer to the instructions in Ex. 22 (pg. 389–390) again and circle T (True) and F (False).

T / F 1. The cuttings settle on the river floor.

T / F 2. A drill pipe with a bit cuts and enlarges the opening.

T / F 3. The line pipe is installed under the river by pull-backing.

T / F 4. There is a survey device to guide the cutting head in vertical and horizontal directions.

T / F 5. The “pilot” hole is formed by a reamer.

T / F 6. Drilling mud and water lubricates the drill string. T / F 7. The line pipe string is joined by flanges.

T / F 8. The drill moves under the bottom of the river.

28.  You will hear a radio report describing the controversy surrounding

Chad-Cameroon Pipeline. For questions 1-7, complete the sentences with a word or phrase.

Ekobita’s troubles began with the oil companies’ ___________ (1) for damaged crops.

Villagers used to earn		(2) per year from one tree.
	389

One of the reasons for poor harvest is that top soil								(3) far
below.
Nearby villagers say that the cut trees for the						(4)
created a wind tunnel.
Another consequence is a great number of							(5) which lead to
the death of the crops as the ground is too			wet.
The construction crews damaged				(6)		(7)
Oil companies presented local school

29. Role Play (video: Vermeer Co.: HDD).

Vermeer Co. proclaims the qualities and advantages of their product so as to increase sales.

MOTTO: You don’t know we’ve been there!

PANEL DISCUSSION: «The beauty of HDD is the ability to steer around, under or over obstacles».

1.Building Infrastructure

2.Planning for success

3.Putting it all together

FACTS:

•Reduction of post-construction restoration;

•Benefits to the contractor (easy installation; time);

•Benefits to society (no trenches, little traffic congestion);

•Application of foreign experience (American)

1.Facilities Building Manager

2.International Regional Manager

3.Customers (from several countries)

4.Contractors (companies)

30. Prepare the following presentations.

1.Trenchless technology (including HDD)

2.Restoration (methods)

3.Pipeline construction and its impact on the environment.

4.Equipment and machinery used during pipeline construction.

5.Pipeline construction in different environments (swamps, permafrost, under sea)

390

6. Pipeline construction and economic evaluation & estimation.

31.Discuss the complete pipeline network, system, construction and engineering.

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

•ROW

•Ditching

•Bending

•Skidding

•Welding

•Line-up

•Coating

•Padding / lowering / backfilling

•Testing Restoration

PIPELINE NETWORK

Initial Injection station

Compressor | Pump station

Partial Delivery (Intermediate) station Block Valve station

Regulator station

Final Delivery station

PIPELINE SYSTEM		PIPELINE ENGINEERING
Domestic	Foreign	Areas of specialization
	Gathering	Targets
	Transporting
	Moving	Jobs and responsibilities
	Distributing
	EXAMPLES	PIPE MATERIAL
	Of
	PIPELINES	Type Material	Purpose

391

	WORDLIST
ENGLISH		RUSSIAN
allowable pressure		допустимое давление
alloy		сплав
backfilling		засыпка траншей трубопровода
backup		резервное устройство
bending		сгибание труб
beveling		подготовка кромки
block valve station		аварийный клапан для отключения
carbon steel		углеродистая сталь
cathodic protection system		система катодной защиты
cleaning		расчищение
coating		изоляция
corrosion resistant		коррозионноустойчивый
crane		подъёмный кран
crude tank farm		резервуарный парк / нефтебаза
crude trunkline		магистральный трубопровод
destination		пункт назначения
disrupt (v)		разрушать
distributing		распределение
distribution center		распределительная база
ditching		установка / прокладывание траншей
emergency		авария
ensure (v)		гарантировать / обеспечивать
ESD (emergency shut-down		аварийный клапан для временного
valve)		прекращения
exceed (v)		превышать / переступать пределы
external welding		наружная сварка
facing		обшивка
field-joint coating		изоляция сварного шва
final clean-up		восстановление
final tie-in		последнее соединение секции
firing line		подвижной участок фронта
		нефтепроводных работ
gathering		сбор
gathering system		система нефтесбора
grading		планировка, выравнивание
horizontal directional drilling		горизонтально-направленное бурение
(HDD)
	392

hydrostatic testing	опрессовка
individual lease	арендованный нефтяной участок
install (v)	монтировать
internal welding	внутренняя сварка
launching	запуск
leak	утечка
leak detection system	система определения утечек
line	трубопровод
line pipe	труба
line-up	центровка
loading	загрузка
lowering	спуск трубопровода в траншею
marine (port) terminal	портовая нефтебаза
monitoring	текущий контроль
moving	перемещение
non-destructive testing (NDT)	неразрушающий контроль
oil tankage	нефтехранилище
padding	присыпка
passes	проход
permit (v)	допускать
petrochemical plant	нефтехимический завод
pig trap	камера приема и пуска средства
	очистки и диагностики
point	пункт
pressure protection system	система защиты от избыточного
	давления
prevent (v)	препятствовать
processing	переработка
product line	продуктопровод
pump station	насосная станция
receiving	прием
receiving station	приёмная станция
refinery	НПЗ – нефтеперегонный завод
release	выпуск
remote operation	дистанционное управление
resistant	нержавеющий
retrieval	извлечение
Right-of-way (ROW)	отвод земли
road crossing	пересечение дорог
	393

ROW restoration	восстановление
rupture	порыв, образование трещин
setting out	установка
shut down	временное прекращение
sideboom	трубоукладчик с боковой стрелой
skidding the pipe	опорная рама для сварки
	трубопровода
slings	трубный строп - для подвески на
	тракторе-трубоукладчике
slug	пробка
slug catcher	ловушка для конденсата
stringing	укладка плетей трубопровода
supply	запас
survey	разведка
tanker	танкер
telemetry system	система телеметрии, телемеханика
tie-in welding	соединение секции
transporting	доставка
warn (v)	предупреждать
welding	сварка

394