- •3. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
- •Downstream (oil industry)
- •Upstream (oil industry)
- •Midstream (oil industry)
- •The Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry is a term coined by an Italian entrepreneur, Enrico Mattei, that refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid-20th century oil production, refinement, and distribution.
- •ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
- •Founded: 1907
- •Products: oil, natural gas, petrochemicals
- •Products: natural gas, petroleum
- •Headquarters: the Netherlands, principal offices in Houston, Paris and the Hague
- •Pronunciation of the name
- •12. Translate into English.
- •12. http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
- •15. http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/oil/oil2.html
- •Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •A. Electric, Radioactivity and Acoustic (Sonic) Logging
- •2. ______ _______ invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •3. ______ _______ measure formation radioactivity.
- •Acidizing
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •Completion
- •Production
- •Abandonment
- •3. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •4. Read the following text and do the exercises.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the text.
- •6. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •People
- •9. Read the text “Drilling Rig” and fill in the missing words from the box. There is one extra word.
- •Drilling Rig
- •Drilling Rig Classification
- •4. Read the text “Hoisting system components” and do the exercises.
- •16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing information. The first sentence is done for you.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the correct term.
- •Example: 7. relies upon
- •7. Scan through the following short definitions and do the after – task exercises.
- •Corrosion types
- •Crack characteristics can vary greatly depending on the cause of the crack, the materials being cracked, and the environment causing the cracking. The following photos show examples of crack profiles.
- •Applied coatings
- •15. Match the questions about “Cathodic protection” on the left with the answers on the right.
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FIXED ROOFS
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FLOATING ROOF
- •METHODS OF ERECTION OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANKS
- •APPENDIX 5
- •Dictionary of Pipeliner's Terms (SLANGS)
- •A. подаваемый ток
- •1. weakening
- •B. коррозионный элемент
- •2. rust
- •C. выходное напряжение
- •3. discoloration
- •D. интенсивность
- •4. impressed current
- •E. (удельная) проводимость
- •5. direct current
- •F. ослабление
- •6. corrosion cell
- •G. обезвоживание
- •7. output voltage
- •H. постоянный ток
- •8. severity
- •9. water removal
- •10. conductivity
- •K. толщина стенки
- •11. operating pressure
- •12. yield strength
- •L. ухудшения характеристик
- •M. рабочее давление
- •13. allowance
- •N. предел текучести
- •14. wall thickness
- •O. допуск
- •fracture
- •трещина
- •gradient
- •угол наклона, склон
- •circuitous
- •окольный, обходной
- •Reynolds number
- •число Рейнольда
- •interplay
- •взаимодействие
- •facet
- •сторона
- •aquifer
- •водоносный слой
- •porous media
- •пористая среда
- •pertinent
- •имеющий отношение
- •civil engineering
- •гражданское строительство
- •soil science
- •почвоведение
- •fluid mechanics
- •механика жидкости
- •inertia
- •инерция
- •Laplace equation
- •уравнение Лапласа
- •simulate
- •имитировать
- •heat conduction
- •теплопроводность
- •heat transfer
- •теплообмен
- •uncoupled processes
- •несвязанные процессы
- •soil moisture
- •влажность почвогрунта
- •viscous
- •вязкий
- •viscosity
- •вязкость ( жидкости, газа )
- •diffusion
- •диффузия
- •steady flow
- •transient flow
- •неустановившийся поток
- •15. deterioration
- •UNIT 1
- •Introduction to Economics and management
- •UNIT 2
- •Finance
- •UNIT 3
- •STOCK
- •UNIT 4
- •THE ECONOMY OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
- •UNIT 5
- •Taxation and audit
- •UNIT 6
- •Production and Costs
- •UNIT 7
- •BUSINESS PLAN
- •UNIT 8
- •International Business Etiquette AND ETHICS
- •References
- •3. Read the text “Hydrogeology: Key Terms and Concepts”, do the exercises
- •Hydrogeology
- •7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
- •12. Fill in the chart with the necessary information from the text.
- •13. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.
- •14. Read the following short texts and fulfill the after-reading exercises. Pay attention to the diagrams and underlined words.
- •Ground Water Aquifer
- •Confined or Artesian Aquifer
- •Drawdown – the vertical drop of the water level in a well caused by ground water pumping; also, the difference between the water level before pumping and the water level during pumping.
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •UNIT 4
- •THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- •Compose your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •10. Answer the following questions.
- •1. What are the functions of atmosphere?
- •1. The phenomenon known as El Niňo
- •A) is confined to the Pacific Ocean.
- •D) caused the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
- •2. It was named after
- •3. It is caused by
- •A) the wind changing direction.
- •D) occurs every four or five years.
- •5. The effect of El Niňo
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
B)the wind losing its force.
C)the water becoming cooler.
D)violent storms.
4.El Niňa is a phenomenon that A) reserves the effect of El Niňo.
B) produces similar weather conditions. C) forms part of the same pattern.
D) occurs every four or five years.
5.The effect of El Niňo
A)can be reliably forecast.
B)are sometimes beneficial.
C)are never accurately reported.
D)do not reach the northern hemisphere.
(Fowler W.S. New Fowler proficiency. Listening and speaking, 2003)
15.Discuss the following facts and figures.
1.As a result of human activity 156 mln. tons of sulphur dioxide and 60 mln. tons of nitric oxide are released into atmosphere every year. In the cities where there are many industrial enterprises the air is contaminated even greater. For example, in Tokyo every month 34 tons of soot falls per each square kilometer of the territory, in NewYork it amounts 17 tons.
2.As a result of industry and transport development oxygen is used for burning in greater amount. For example, an automobile spends a man’s daily rate (суточная норма) of oxygen per 1,5 thousand kilometers. (A man spends 500 liters of air daily on average). A modern jet liner uses 35 tons of oxygen per 1 transatlantic flight.
3.One of the terrible catastrophes in the history of mankind was the accident in Chernobyl in April 1986.There happened destruction, melting, evaporation and emission of nuclear fuel into the atmosphere. In all nearly 50 tons of nuclear material were released into the atmosphere. The mass of radioactive bomb fallen on Hiroshima was 4,5 tons. In Chernobyl the radioactive substances rose at the height up to 11 kilometers, the territory of Ukraine, Belorus, and central regions of Russia were contaminated.
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16.Discuss the following problems. Find some additional information to prove your point of view.
1.Can the ozone layer be preserved in the current conditions? If so, in what way?
2.Why does not the contamination of atmosphere disturb the processes taking place in it?
17.Choose any questions. Discuss it in pairs.
1.What will climate change lead to?
2.What is the difference between the greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change?
3.How do we know the greenhouse effect is a reality?
4.What do the experts conclude about climate change?
5.Global warming and climate change? Is there still a debate?
6.How can we predict climate change when we can't even predict the weather?
7.Will all the impacts of the greenhouse effect be negative?
8.What must be done to reduce human contributions to the greenhouse effect?
9.Can the world survive without fossil fuels? What are the alternatives?
|
WORDLIST |
|
|
Abundance |
распространение, изобилие |
Anthropogenic |
антропогенный, техногенный |
Сontroversy |
разногласие, спор |
Deforestation |
вырубка, уничтожение лесов |
Deleterious effect |
вредный, отрицательный эффект |
Depletion |
истощение, износ |
Diversity |
разнообразие |
Evidence |
свидетельство, доказательство |
Incident radiation |
падающее излучение |
Infra-red radiation |
инфракрасное излучение |
Nutrient |
питательное вещество |
Perturbation |
возмущение |
Repository |
хранилище, контейнер |
Runaway |
быстро растущий |
To scatter |
рассеивать |
|
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Sewage disposal |
удаление, сброс сточных вод |
Tenuous |
тонкий |
To trap |
улавливать |
Ultraviolet radiation |
ультрафиолетовая радиация |
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UNIT 5
THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ON HUMAN
ORGANISM
Serious health problems and diseases may arise from toxic elements in water, air, soil, and even the rocks on which we build our homes. Almost every part of the human body is affected by one pollutant or another. The same is wildlife.
Lead-in
1.Once the famous physician and alchemist Paracelsus said: “Everything is poisonous, yet nothing is poisonous”. What did he mean? Give your examples.
2.How can harmful substances get into organism? Enumerate all possible pathways.
3.The impact of what substances on human organism do you know? Can you describe it?
|
Terms and Vocabulary |
|
|
|
|
Host |
|
организм-хозяин, реципиент |
Hazard |
|
опасность, риск |
Exposure |
|
подвергание воздействию, экспозиция |
Excretion |
|
выведение, экскреция |
Tissue |
|
ткань |
Ingestion |
|
прием пищи, глотание |
Uptake |
|
поглощение, ввод |
Bolus |
|
пищевая масса, кусок пищи |
Scope |
|
рамки, границы |
Host defences |
|
иммунная защита организма |
Risk assessment |
|
оценка рисков |
1. Read the words and learn their pronunciation.
[i:] convenience, excretion, breathing, intravenous
[oυ] process, scope
[u:] rout, include, remove, evolution [ai] biology, kinetics, xenobiotics [dʒ] geology, agent, ingestion
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Terminology [ tə:mı′nolədʒı] |
Implantation [ |
zi:no′baıotık]
[k] mechanism, chemicals, characterize [ks] toxicity, acceptable
[ʒ] exposure
2. Try to recognize the following words, learn their pronunciation.
Immunology [ ımјυ′nolodʒı] |
Xenobiotics [ |
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Regardless of their effect or origin, the behaviour of xenobiotics in the body can be described by general terms and models reflecting the mechanisms by which exposure occurs and the body handles the chemicals. From the standpoint of evolutionary biology, it is supposed that these mechanisms developed in response to selection pressures indicating either of two biological needs: to detoxify and excrete harmful substances ingested in foods and to metabolize endogenous chemical compounds (such as steroid hormones).
Four terms describe the disposition of xenobiotics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Modelled together, the terms indicate the entry, local and overall accumulation, transformation, and removal from the body of the xenobiotic. Because tissue level depend on transport of the xenobiotic to the target organ and the degree to which the xenobiotic partitions or is sequestered into the tissue, the kinetics of the xenobiotics determines the presentation of the xenobiotic to the target organ at the receptor level, where the toxic effect occurs (see Fig.).
Xenobiotics may enter the body through any of several “portals” or routs of entry. By far the most common opportunities for exposure are skin contact and breathing in the agent. Ingestion, resulting from eating or placing objects (e.g. cigarettes) in the mouth in a situation where the object or the hands may have been contaminated, or in suicide attempts, is not a common problem in environmental medicine, but appears from time to time. Other routs of exposure, such as intravenous infusion or implantation of soluble agents, are artificial and seldom seen outside of medical care and experimental studies.
Once the xenobiotic is absorbed and enters the organism, it is transported to capillary level in tissues of the body where it becomes available for uptake by the target organ. After one pass through the circulation the xenobiotic is uniformly mixed in arterial blood regardless of its entry. When a bolus is absorbed, the peripheral tissues are therefore presented with an increasing concentration in the blood which peaks and then declines as the xenobiotic is distributed to tissues throughout the body and removed by metabolism, excretion, or storage.
Many xenobiotics are substrates for intracellular enzyme systems which transform it from the original compound to a series of stable metabolites, often through intermediate unstable compounds. These transformations may have the effect of either “detoxifying”, by rendering the agent toxicologically
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inactive, or of “activation”, by converting the native agent into a metabolite that is more active in producing the same or another toxic effect.
The xenobiotic or its metabolite would accumulate and remain within the body, if there were no mechanisms for excretion. Elimination is the term used for removal of xenobiotic from the bloodstream, whether by excretion, metabolism, or sequestration (storage).
(From Essentials of Medical Geology. Elsevier Inc., 2005)
4. Read the following word-formations, translate into Russian.
Toxicology – toxicity – detoxify – toxic – toxicologically
To act – active – inactive – activity – activation
To produce – product – production
To absorb – absorption – absorptive
To transport – transportation – transportive
To metabolize – metabolite – metabolism
5. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and set-expressions.
To play an essential role
To result from
To expand the scope
To provide the framework
Regardless of smth.
In response to
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