- •3. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
- •Downstream (oil industry)
- •Upstream (oil industry)
- •Midstream (oil industry)
- •The Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry is a term coined by an Italian entrepreneur, Enrico Mattei, that refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid-20th century oil production, refinement, and distribution.
- •ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
- •Founded: 1907
- •Products: oil, natural gas, petrochemicals
- •Products: natural gas, petroleum
- •Headquarters: the Netherlands, principal offices in Houston, Paris and the Hague
- •Pronunciation of the name
- •12. Translate into English.
- •12. http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
- •15. http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/oil/oil2.html
- •Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •A. Electric, Radioactivity and Acoustic (Sonic) Logging
- •2. ______ _______ invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •3. ______ _______ measure formation radioactivity.
- •Acidizing
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •Completion
- •Production
- •Abandonment
- •3. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •4. Read the following text and do the exercises.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the text.
- •6. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •People
- •9. Read the text “Drilling Rig” and fill in the missing words from the box. There is one extra word.
- •Drilling Rig
- •Drilling Rig Classification
- •4. Read the text “Hoisting system components” and do the exercises.
- •16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing information. The first sentence is done for you.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the correct term.
- •Example: 7. relies upon
- •7. Scan through the following short definitions and do the after – task exercises.
- •Corrosion types
- •Crack characteristics can vary greatly depending on the cause of the crack, the materials being cracked, and the environment causing the cracking. The following photos show examples of crack profiles.
- •Applied coatings
- •15. Match the questions about “Cathodic protection” on the left with the answers on the right.
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FIXED ROOFS
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FLOATING ROOF
- •METHODS OF ERECTION OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANKS
- •APPENDIX 5
- •Dictionary of Pipeliner's Terms (SLANGS)
- •A. подаваемый ток
- •1. weakening
- •B. коррозионный элемент
- •2. rust
- •C. выходное напряжение
- •3. discoloration
- •D. интенсивность
- •4. impressed current
- •E. (удельная) проводимость
- •5. direct current
- •F. ослабление
- •6. corrosion cell
- •G. обезвоживание
- •7. output voltage
- •H. постоянный ток
- •8. severity
- •9. water removal
- •10. conductivity
- •K. толщина стенки
- •11. operating pressure
- •12. yield strength
- •L. ухудшения характеристик
- •M. рабочее давление
- •13. allowance
- •N. предел текучести
- •14. wall thickness
- •O. допуск
- •fracture
- •трещина
- •gradient
- •угол наклона, склон
- •circuitous
- •окольный, обходной
- •Reynolds number
- •число Рейнольда
- •interplay
- •взаимодействие
- •facet
- •сторона
- •aquifer
- •водоносный слой
- •porous media
- •пористая среда
- •pertinent
- •имеющий отношение
- •civil engineering
- •гражданское строительство
- •soil science
- •почвоведение
- •fluid mechanics
- •механика жидкости
- •inertia
- •инерция
- •Laplace equation
- •уравнение Лапласа
- •simulate
- •имитировать
- •heat conduction
- •теплопроводность
- •heat transfer
- •теплообмен
- •uncoupled processes
- •несвязанные процессы
- •soil moisture
- •влажность почвогрунта
- •viscous
- •вязкий
- •viscosity
- •вязкость ( жидкости, газа )
- •diffusion
- •диффузия
- •steady flow
- •transient flow
- •неустановившийся поток
- •15. deterioration
- •UNIT 1
- •Introduction to Economics and management
- •UNIT 2
- •Finance
- •UNIT 3
- •STOCK
- •UNIT 4
- •THE ECONOMY OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
- •UNIT 5
- •Taxation and audit
- •UNIT 6
- •Production and Costs
- •UNIT 7
- •BUSINESS PLAN
- •UNIT 8
- •International Business Etiquette AND ETHICS
- •References
- •3. Read the text “Hydrogeology: Key Terms and Concepts”, do the exercises
- •Hydrogeology
- •7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
- •12. Fill in the chart with the necessary information from the text.
- •13. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.
- •14. Read the following short texts and fulfill the after-reading exercises. Pay attention to the diagrams and underlined words.
- •Ground Water Aquifer
- •Confined or Artesian Aquifer
- •Drawdown – the vertical drop of the water level in a well caused by ground water pumping; also, the difference between the water level before pumping and the water level during pumping.
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •UNIT 4
- •THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- •Compose your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •10. Answer the following questions.
- •1. What are the functions of atmosphere?
- •1. The phenomenon known as El Niňo
- •A) is confined to the Pacific Ocean.
- •D) caused the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
- •2. It was named after
- •3. It is caused by
- •A) the wind changing direction.
- •D) occurs every four or five years.
- •5. The effect of El Niňo
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
REFERENCES
1.Griffiths, D.H., King, R.F. (1981). Applied Geophysics for Geologists and Engineers. The Elements of Geophysical Prospecting. Oxford.
2.Heiland, C.A. (1940). Geophysical Exploration. New York.
3.Robert, E. Sheriff's Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics.
4.Sylvia, M.T., Robinson, E.A. (1979). Deconvolution of Geophysical
Time Series in the Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas. Amsterdam- Oxford-New York.
5.Белоусов В.С. Нефтегазовая промышленность. Основные
процессы и англо-русская терминология. – М.: OOO «Техинпут»,
2006.
INTERNET RESOURCES
6.http://www.wikipedia.org/
7.http://www.nj.gov/dep/njgs/geophys/seis.htm
8.http://www.ig.utexas.edu/about/history/reflection.htm?PHPSESSID=def
1b9
9.http://www.geomore.com/Oil%20and%20Gas%20Traps.htm
10.http://science.howstuffworks.com/missing-gravity.htm
11.http://www.brainyquote.com/words/gr/gravity170416.html
12.http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
13.http://www.geosurvey.co.nz/services.html
14.http://www.cflhd.gov/agm/geoApplications/SurfaceMethods/931SelfPot
entialMethod.htm
15.http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/oil/oil2.html
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Chapter 2
OIL EXPLORATION
Т. F. Dolgaya
UNIT 1
OIL EXPLORATION
Oil exploration is the search by petroleum geologists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface. Oil and gas explorations are grouped under the science of petroleum geology.
Lead-in
What is the name of the activity that deals with the search for hydrocarbon deposits?
What does most of this activity depend on?
LISTING – When listing, write everything that comes to your mind. Write down as many words as you can on the topic “Oil Exploration”.
Terms and Vocabulary |
|
oil seep |
выход нефти |
pockmark |
Оспина |
hydrocarbon generation |
образование углеводородов |
deposit |
Месторождение |
gravity survey |
гравиметрическое исследование\работа |
magnetic survey |
магнитная съёмка, магнитная разведка |
scale features |
особенности рельефа на карте |
subsurface geology |
подземная геология |
seismic survey |
Сейсморазведка |
reflected sound wave |
отражённая звуковая волна |
process of depth conversion |
процесс глубинного преобразования |
substructure profile |
разрез (профиль) пласта |
identify (v) |
определять, идентифицировать |
evaluate (v) |
оценивать, рассчитать |
determine (v) |
измерять, определять |
buoyancy |
плавучесть |
buoyant |
лёгкий, плавучий, держащийся на |
|
поверхности |
|
193 |
caprock |
|
|
кепрок (вышезалегающая |
|
|
|
экранирующая порода) |
seal (v) – sealed – a seal |
придавать непроницаемость – |
||
|
|
|
изолированный – изолирующий слой |
lead (n) |
|
|
возможная ловушка углеводородов |
matured hydrocarbons |
|
зрелые углеводороды |
|
source rock |
|
нефтематеринская порода |
|
expel (v) |
|
вытеснять |
|
prospect |
|
|
поиск, разведка, изыскание, |
|
|
|
перспективный участок |
chance of success |
|
перспектива |
|
hydrocarbons in place |
|
углеводороды в пласте |
|
recoverable hydrocarbons |
промышленные запасы углеводородов |
||
volumetric equation |
|
уравнение объёма |
|
saturation |
|
насыщенность |
|
shrink (v) |
|
сжиматься |
|
expand (v) |
|
расширяться, увеличиваться в объёме |
|
ratio |
|
|
соотношение, коэффициент |
GRV (gross rock volume) |
суммарный объём породы |
||
FVF |
(formation |
volume |
объёмный коэффициент пласта |
factor) |
|
|
|
burial |
|
|
захоронение |
reservoir |
|
пласт-коллектор; пластовый резервуар |
|
|
|
|
(нефти, газа); нефтеносный слой; |
|
|
|
газоносный пласт; продуктивный пласт; |
|
|
|
залежь; месторождение (нефти, газа) |
precursor |
|
предшественник |
|
1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
survey profile identify buoyancy process substructure source hydrocarbons feature equation ratio determine
2. Read the text “Exploration methods” and do the exercises.
Exploration Methods
Visible surface features such as oil seeps, natural gas seeps, pockmarks (underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth). However, most
194
exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine the extent of these deposits.
Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a gravity survey or magnetic survey to detect large scale features of the subsurface geology. Features of interest (known as leads) are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of the time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter (rock) of varying densities and using the process of depth conversion to create a profile of the substructure. Finally, when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria, an exploration well is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas.
Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation. Offshore or remote exploration area is generally only undertaken by very large corporations or national governments. Typical Shallow shelf oil wells (e.g. North sea) cost $10–30 Million, while deep water wells can cost up to $100 Million plus. Hundreds of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing as little as $500,000 USD.
Elements of a petroleum prospect
A prospect is a potential trap which geologists believe may contain hydrocarbons. Five elements have to be present for a prospect to work and if any of them fail, neither oil nor gas will be present.
•A source rock. When organic-rich rock such as oil shale or coal is subjected to high pressure and temperature over an extended period of time, hydrocarbons form.
•Migration. The Hydrocarbons are expelled from source rock by three density-related mechanisms: the newly-matured hydrocarbons are less dense than their precursors, which cause overpressure; the hydrocarbons are lighter medium, and so migrate upwards due to buoyancy, and the fluids expand as further burial causes increased heating. Most hydrocarbons migrate to the surface as oil seeps, but some will get trapped.
•Trap. The hydrocarbons are buoyant and have to be trapped within a structural (e.g. anticline, fault block) or stratigraphic trap.
•Seal or cap Rock. The hydrocarbon trap has to be covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal or cap-rock in order to prevent hydrocarbons escaping to the surface.
•Reservoir. The hydrocarbons are contained in a reservoir rock. This is a porous sandstone or limestone. The oil collects in the pores within
195