Now, put the dialogue in the right order and answer the questions.

1.Where does this conversation take place?

2.What is the situation?

3.Who is involved?

13.Read the following text “Cracks” and answer the questions.

1.What types of cracks exist?

2.What factors cause the formation of cracks?

3.What materials are more affected by cracks?

4.What types of cracks are shown on these photos?

5.What caused their formation?

Cracks

Crack characteristics can vary greatly depending on the cause of the crack, the materials being cracked, and the environment causing the cracking. The following photos show examples of crack profiles.

Isolated SCC and Colony SCC

Cracks may form as isolated cracks or within colonies. An example of an isolated crack is shown in the photos. Cracking within colonies may result in the cracks on the periphery of the colony being deeper then the cracks at the center of the colony. This may be observed because the effect of cracking

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within a colony environment may act as a stress relieving mechanism causing reduced crack growth for cracks located in the center of the colony while the cracks on the periphery continue to grow.

14. Read the information about “Applied coatings” and then the statements and circle T (True) or F (False)

Applied coatings

Plating, painting, and the application of enamel are the most common anticorrosion treatments. They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-resistant material between the damaging environment and the structural material. Platings usually fail only in small sections. In this case, it is necessary to plate with a more active metal such as zinc or cadmium.

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The corrosion control system for an oil and gas pipeline consists of two parts: the external coating on the pipeline and the cathodic protection. The primary purpose of the coating is to protect the pipe surface from its external environment. Coatings are also increasingly used to protect the internal surface of pipelines. Over the years the pipeline has been protected by various polymeric coatings. In the 1950s and 1960s, coal tar or asphalt coatings were applied. In the mid-1950s, mill-applied extruded polyethylene coatings were introduced. From the early 1960s to the early 1980s, polyethylene tape coatings were field applied.

1.	Painting is the only anti-corrosion treatment	T	F
2.	Anti-corrosion elements are obstacle materials	T	F
	between corroded surface and structural material
3.	Platings are excellent in small sections.	T	F
4.	The corrosion control system includes two parts	T	F
5.	A coating does not protect the pipe surface.	T	F
6.	Coatings protect both external and internal pipeline	T	F
	surfaces.
7.	Polyethylene coatings were first applied in the 70s.	T	F

15. Match the questions about “Cathodic protection” on the left with the answers on the right.

Cathodic protection

If the environment is controlled corrosion inhibitors can often be added to it. These form an electrically insulating and/or chemically impermeable coating on exposed metal surfaces, to suppress electrochemical reactions. Such methods obviously make the system less sensitive to scratches or defects in the coating. Chemicals that inhibit corrosion include some of the salts in hard water, chromates, phosphates.

Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell. It is a method used to protect metal structures from corrosion. Cathodic protection systems are most commonly used to protect steel, water, and fuel pipelines and tanks and offshore oil platforms.

The application of cathodic protection (CP) for steel gas pipelines started in the 1930s. This technology was rapidly adopted by the oil and gas pipeline

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industry to protect the pipeline in conjunction with polymeric coatings. For effective CP, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative until the metal surface has a uniform potential. With a uniform potential, the driving force for the corrosion reaction is halted. For galvanic CP systems, the anode material corrodes under the influence of the steel, and eventually it must be replaced. The polarization is caused by the current flow from the anode to the cathode, driven by the difference in electrochemical potential between the anode and the cathode.

1.When can corrosion inhibitors be applied?

2.What do corrosion inhibitors form?

3.What is the main effect of corrosion inhibitors?

4.What chemicals can be inhibitors?

5.What is CP?

6.What does CP protect?

7.When was CP application first used?

A.salts in hard water, chromates.

B.metal structure-steel pipelines, tanks.

C.1930s.

D.less sensitive to scratches / defects.

E.if environment is controlled.

F.surface cathode is an electro-chemical cell.

G.an electrically insulating / chemically impermeable coating.

16. Describe the CP application by writing the following sentences in the correct order.

A.driving force for corrosion reaction is stopped.

B.metal surface becomes uniform potential

C.steel surface is polarized

D.current flow is driven by electrochemical potential difference

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17. Complete the following dialogue about corrosion patterns. Use the phrases, terms and photos.

corrosion patterns
uniform defects	produce
pitted surfaces
striations (бороздчатость)	include
channel defects

A:Different corrosion types produce distinct corrosion patterns.

B:Corrosion is a result of low level and pitting corrosion that affects large areas.

A:However, the result is metal loss that compromises the integrity of the pipe.

B:………….

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18. Describe the following type of corrosion – SCC. Use the terms and phrases and photos.

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cracking	residual stress
pipeline	temperature
be influenced by	load stress
environment stress	bending
water	local stress
come into contact	high pH conditions
steel	cause
create	intergranular cracks
initial corrosion site	low pH conditions
act on	transgranular cracks
crack growth	non-classic SCC
factors	result in

19.Discuss these two problems and state your own ideas and solutions.

1.Consideration of defect initiation mechanisms and the ability to interpret defect styles should enable the NDT technician to choose the best inspection option for the conditions at hand. By providing background knowledge, sample defects, and appropriate calibration blocks the technician will be able to confidently address the requirements of the application.

2.The use of modern computers and automated scanning systems has enabled significant advancements in ultrasonic same side sizing techniques for corrosion and SCC sizing. Corrosion mapping and crack sizing using tip diffraction, angled longitudinal, or shear wave inspection techniques have the potential to offer cost savings by reducing inspection times and providing detailed information about the corrosion feature or crack profile.

20. You will hear an advertisement about Inner Armor Sub-one coating technology. Answer the following questions by saying whether each of the following statements are 1 – True (T) or 2 – False (F).

		1	2
1	Inner Armor stops corrosion, minimizes friction,
	abrasion and fouling.
2	Inner Armor can be applied in chemical processing,
	pulp and paper, public utilities and aerospace.
3	Chrome plates, thermal sprays and polymer lining
	are superior to CVD made coatings
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4	The coating is applied in three steps.
5	Inner Armor coatings are subjected standard
	corrosion tests.
6	Friction is reduced in 1/10 in comparison with
	uncoated steel.
7	There are no any damages on the coating surface
	after ASTM standard G-76 Abrasive Air Jet Test.

21. Role play: CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION

You (Conference Director) and group-mates (Conference Partners) are taking active part in the conference program preparation. You will moderate the whole Conference session.

1.Presentations: Corrosion Types (selective, contact, isolated, surface, uniform, structural, acid, intergranular, microbal, spot, fretting)

2.Panel Discussion: Agenda – Corrosion and its Prevention

3.Prepare the necessary documents using the following plan:

•Conference program

•prepare application form for the future participants (sender-receiver)

•proposals (presentation, poster-presentation, report)

•invitation (refusal / confirmation)

•Conference session

•business card for the Conference

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	WORDLIST
ENGLISH		RUSSIAN
arrest (v)		приостановление / приостанавливать
coat (v)		покрывать
coating		покрытие
conductivity		(удельная) проводимость
continuous corrosion		сплошная
corrode (v)		корродировать, разрушать
сorrosion		коррозия
corrosion cell		коррозионный элемент
crevice corrosion		щелевая
DC (direct current)		постоянный ток
deterioration		ухудшения характеристик
discoloration		обесцвечивание, выцветание
driving potential		движущий потенциал
erosion corrosion		эрозионная
external corrosion		наружная коррозия
external surface		внешняя поверхность
general corrosion		равномерная
impressed current (method)		подаваемый ток (в систему катодной
		защиты)
induced corrosion		наведенный крекинг
inhibitor		ингибитор (вещество,замедляющее
		химическиереакцииилипрекращающееих)
intergranular corrosion		межкристаллитная
intrinsic		действительный, подлинный, истинный
isolated corrosion		местная
monitor (by) (v)		контролировать
output voltage		выходное напряжение
penetration corrosion		сквозная
pitting corrosion		нитевидная
plating		гальваническое покрытие
point corrosion		язвенная (точечная)
readings		данные из таблицы
rely on (v)		основываться, основывать на чём-либо
reverse (v)		переворачивать
rust		ржавчина
sacrificed		защита (от коррозии) с применением
		магниевых анодов
sacrificial corrosion		защитная
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sacrificial anode (method)	растворимый (расходуемый) анод
severity	интенсивность
soil	почва, земля
soil condition	грунтовые условия
spot corrosion	пятнами
suffer (v)	испытывать
suppress (v)	сдерживать
via	через
weakening	ослабление

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UNIT 5

OIL STORAGE

Every facility involved in the production of petroleum and related products requires some type of storage.

Lead-in

Brainstorming

TOPIC: Extracting the oil from the well and storing temporarily in tanks. Stage1– Each group discusses the question separately

Stage 2 – Sharing ideas Stage 3 – Jig-saw plan

Stage 4 – Multi-point conversation

	Terms and Vocabulary
oil storage	нефтехранилище
storage tank	резервуар для хранения нефтепродуктов
facility	оборудования
production	добыча
erector	монтажник
installation	монтаж / установка
non-existent	несуществующее
segmental	сегментный
bolted-steel tank	сборный резервуар
welded tank (field)	сварной резервуар
nominal capacity	номинальная мощность
internal pressure	внутреннее давление
dismantle	разборка
erected by hand	установить ручной
meet requirements	отвечать требованиям
sheet	лист
bottom	дно
replace	заменить
connection	соединение
impact wrench	гайковерт
galvanized	оцинковывать
coating	покрытие / грунтовка
fabrication (be fabricated)	изготовление
factory-baked	прокаливать
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hot-dip process	пропитка
be furnished (with)	снабжать
expected life	предполагаемый срок службы
leak	утечка
up-ended	опрокидывать
gauge steel	толщина (калибр размер)
cell	камера
atmospheric-type storage	хранение при атмосферного давления
capacity	вместимость
shell	корпус
shop-welded	заводской
fixed roof	фиксированная крыша
frangible	ломкий, хрупкий, слабый
joint	шарнир
design pressure	расчетное давление
dead weight	собственный вес
adequate	соответствующий
capacity	пропускная способность
prevalent (for)	преобладающий
thickness	толщина стенки
excess	превышающий норму
floating roof	плавающая крыша (резервуара)
seal	закупорка
vapour loss	потери от испарения (нефтепродуктов)
operating buoyancy	рабочая плавучесть
aid (in)	способствовать
void	интервал
equivalent pressure	равнозначное давление
safety release	безопасность (выпуск)
drain (off)	спускать; выпускать; сливать
water-cut oil	обводнённая нефть
marketable oil	товарное
vortex breaker	вихреваявыключатель
cone	воронка
treating system, flush (out)	технологическая обработка

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1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.

furnished	equivalent
nominal	periphery
desired	cylindrical
erected	approximate
afford	access
gauge	actuator
galvanized	vortex
adequate	fabrication
frangible

2. Read the following word formations and learn their pronunciation. Pay special attention to the stress.

segment	segmental
fabricate	fabrication	F abricated
install	installation
erect	erection	re-erect
exist	existence	non-existent

3. Read the following text “Storage Tanks”, do the exercises.

Types of Storage Tanks

Every facility involved in the production of petroleum and related products requires some type of storage. Manufacturers also should be consulted for specific design information on a particular type of storage. During the early days of oil production, the method of storing was almost exclusively whitepine wooden tanks, which were followed by cypress tanks, and then redwood tanks. However, because of the constant and steep rise in the cost of redwood lumber and the diminution of skilled erectors required, the installation of new wooden tanks is nearly non-existent. The bolted-steel tank was developed next and replaced the wooden tank.

Bolted-steel tanks

Bolted tanks are designed and furnished as segmental elements assembled on location to provide complete vertical, cylindrical, above-ground, closed and open-top steel storage tanks. Standard API bolted tanks are available in

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nominal capacities of 100to 10.000bbl, and are designed for approximately atmospheric internal pressures. Bolted tanks offer the advantage of being easily transported to desired locations and erected by hand. To meet changing requirements for capacity of storage, bolted tanks can be easily dismantled and re-erected at new locations. If a tank develops a hole from corrosion or becomes damaged, a single sheet or more may be replaced. A complete tank bottom may be replaced in the field without dismantling the tank. Also, a section may be removed from the tank, a new connection installed in the sheet and the section replaced without danger. No special equipment is required for the erection of bolted tanks. These tanks are erected by non-specialized crews using hand tools and usually an impact wrench. Bolted tanks are available with painted, galvanized and special coatings, including factory-baked coatings. Painting on both sides of the sheets during fabrication gives the inside of the tank some corrosion protection. Galvanizing the sheets and all tank parts by the “hot-dip” process or applying a factory-baked coating affords high corrosion protection. Generally, bolted tanks are fabricated from 12or 10-gauge steel, and if not galvanized or furnished with a protective coating for corrosion protection, they do not have the expected life of the welded – steel tanks, which are usually constructed of heavier steel. The component parts of a typical bolted tank are shown in Fig. 1.

Deck - крыша резервуара

Cleanout - очистное отверстие

Bolt - болт

Dome - куполообразная

крыша

Rafter - балка / стропила

Channel - канал

Ladder - висячая лестница

Stave - планка

Bottom - днище

резервуара

Center plate - плита

Fig. 1. Typical bolted tank

Welded – steel Tanks. Shop-fabricated welded, cylindrical-shape tanks are available in a large variety of sizes as shop-fabricated items. Shop-welded

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tanks fabricated to API specifications provide the oil production industry with tanks of adequate safety and reasonable economy for use in the storage of crude petroleum and other liquids commonly handled and stored by the production segment of the industry. Shop-welded tanks are usually fabricated from 3/16-in. or heavier steel and will permit internal pressure up to 16oz. Shop fabrication permits testing in the shop for leaks and also provides immediate storage. Tanks are merely up-ended from a truck on the location.

Field-welded Tanks provide large storage capacities in a single unit. Large field-welded tanks providing storage capacities of 150.000 bbl or more have become prevalent for use in the storage of oil and petroleum products. Fieldwelded tanks are designed and erected in accordance with API Standard, which covers material, design, fabrication, erection and testing requirements for welded-steel storage tanks. It also includes an alternative basis for shell design, as well as one for calculating tank-shell thickness.

Fixed Roof are permanently attached to the tank shell. Welded tanks of 50 bbl capacity and larger may be provided with a frangible roof (designed for safety release of the welded deck-to-shell joint in the event excess internal pressure occurs). In this case, the design pressure should not exceed the equivalent pressure of the dead weight of the roof including rafters, if external.

Floating Roof storage tanks may be tank type is used primarily for storage near atmosphere pressure. Floating roofs are designed to move vertically within the tank shell to provide a constant minimum void between the surface of the stored product and the roof. Floating roofs normally are designed to provide a constant seal between the periphery of the floating roof and the tank shell. They can be fabricated in a type that is exposed to the weather or a type that is under a fixed roof. Internal floating-roof tanks, with an external fixed roof, are used in areas of heavy snowfall since accumulations of snow or water on the floating roof affect the operating buoyancy. These can be installed in existing tanks as well as new tanks. Both floating roofs and internal floating roofs are used to reduce vapour losses and to aid in conservation programs. Fig. 2 is a schematic of a typical internal floating roof tank.

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Fig. 2.Typical arrangement of internal floating roof

Cover access hatch – покрышка люка резервуара

Ground cable – кабель заземления

Seal – сальниковое уплотнение

Shell manway – лаз в крыше резервуара

Pontoon – понтон

Vacuum breaker and actuator leg – выключатель / рычаг исполнительного механизма

Tank support column – колонна; стойка (в резервуаре)

Anti–rotation lug, welded to floor – консоль против вращения

Anti–rotation cable – кабель против вращения

Anti–rotation fitting – фитинг против вращения

Ground cable roof attachment – кабель заземления для

закрепления крышки

Cone – Bottom Tanks. The cone-bottom in either the bolted or the welded tank offer a means of draining and removing water or water-cut oil, from only the bottom of the tank, leaving the marketable oil above. The drain line from a sump-equipped cone bottom must be equipped with a vortex breaker

442

to drain off most of the water without coning oil into the drain. With a flatbottom tank, some of the marketable oil must be removed if all the water is removed from the tank. Corrosion on the tank bottom is kept to a minimum by keeping all water removed. A cone bottom can be kept clean without having to open the tank if 1 or 2 bbl are drained off once or twice weekly and pumped back through the treating system. If this is not done and the bottom solidifies, the tank must be opened. The cone-bottom tank can be cleaned without entering. A water hose, handled just outside the cleanout opening, can be used to flush the solids to the centre of the cone and drain connection.

(Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Society of Petroleum engineers, Richardson, TX. USA. 1992)

4. Match the verbs with the corresponding nouns.

Example: 1. erect – F. bolted tanks

1.	erect	A. water
2.	flush	B. design pressure
3.	provide	C. API specifications
4.	reduce	D. tank bottom
5.	meet	E. requirements
6.	fabricate	F. bolted tanks
7.	remove	G. protection coating
8.	design	H. solids
9.	replace	I.	fixed roof
10. calculate		J.	tank-shell thickness
11. exceed		K.	storage capacity
12. attach		L.	field-welded tanks
13. furnish		M.	vapour loss

5. Compose collocations from the following words.

Example: 1. design – shell design, tank design, fabrication design

1.design

2.tank

3.roof

4.pressure

5.coating

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6. Divide these words into two categories. Give your examples with these words.

Example: release – is not a prefix

Petroleum industry releases different types of tanks according to the API specifications.

Non prefix re-	prefix re-

7. Fill in the gaps using the word formations. Make all necessary changes.

Example: segment segmental

1.Every petroleum storage tank consists of several segments.

2.Bolted tanks are designed as segmental elements.

fabricate fabrication fabricated

1.The tanks __________ ______________ according to Standard API specifications.

2.The internal tank walls are painted during ______________.

3.Shop __________ permits testing in a sop for leaks.

erect erection re-erect

1.API Standard includes material, design, fabrication and

_______________ for welded steel storage tanks.

2.Bolted steel tanks can be easily dismantled and _________________ in a new location.

3.Floating roof tanks _____________ _____________ in areas of heavy snowfalls.

install installation

1.When a tank bottom is damaged, a new connection _________

__________ without danger.

2.Tank ___________ is performed in four stages.

exist existence non-existent

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1.The installation of wooden tanks is nearly _______________________.

2.Floating roofs can be installed in ____________________ tanks.

3.The ________________ of different tanks makes it possible to apply them in various environments.

8.Complete the text using the words and phrases in the list.

Example: 0 storage

BOLTED TANKS	0 storage
The production of petroleum and its by-products
requires 0. _________________. During the years,	1	gauge steel
tanks developed from wooden to 1.___________	2	sheet
__________ tanks. Bolted tanks are 2. ___________
elements and assembled 3. ______________. They	3	bolted –steel
are designed according to 4. ________	4	corrosion
________________. Bolted tanks can be easily	5	API specification
5. ___________ and 6. _______________ at new	6	re-erect
locations. The 7. __________ _____________ can	7	manually
be replaced in the field. For example, a hole
developed from 8. ____________ or damaged, a	8	segmental
single 9. ___________ may be replaced. No special	9	galvanized
equipment is required.
These tanks can be erected 10. _________. These	10 tank bottom
tank types include painted, 11. ____________, and	11 on location
special coatings. Bolted tanks are fabricated from 10-	12 ismantle
12 in. 12. ______________.

9.The pictures show the installation process of tanks. Read the information and number the steps.

Example: 1. – D. tank bottom is assembled on the prefabricated foundation from separate steel plate.

Tank installation is to be performed in the following sequence:

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A.separate steel plates which are welded to each other

B.assembled circular belts are installed by the method of topdown construction

C.tank is to be lowered down on the bottom elements upon assembly of the last belt

1D. tank bottom is assembled on the prefabricated foundation from separate steel plates

E.then fixed roof is lifted up together with the tank shell

F.tank wall is assembled of the steel belts up to 3 m wide

G.the rims are welded to the tank bottom

H.a fixed roof is installed upon the assembly of the first belts

I.system of hydraulic lifting jacks forming a conductor is set up around the whole perimeter

10.Answer the following questions.

1.What is top-down construction method?

2.What is chime welding?

3.How many hydraulic lifting jacks are set up around the whole perimeter? What is the maximum distance between the jacks?

4.What are circular belts?

5.Why must the steel belts be up to 3m wide? If not, then state the width of these belts.

6.What are the advantages of top-down construction?

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11. Read the statements. Circle T (True) and F (False).

EXAMPLE: T 1. Cone-bottom tanks can be applied in bolted tanks.

T \		F	1.	Cone-bottom tanks can be applied in bolted tanks.
T	\	F	2.	Regular drainage keeps the cone-bottom tank clean.
T	\	F	3.	Cone-bottom tanks only drain water from the tank
			bottom.
T	\	F	4.	Floating roof tanks are used for storage above
			atmosphere pressure.
T	\	F	5.	There is a seal between the space of floating roof and
			tank shell.
T	\	F	6.	Fixed roofs are temporary welded to tank shells.
T	\	F	7.	Field-welded tanks provide small storage capacities.
T	\	F	8.	The tank shell thickness can be calculated in designing
			field-welded tanks.
T	\	F	9.	Shop-welded tanks are very expensive.
T	\	F	10. Welded-steel tanks provide on-the-spot storage.
T	\	F	11. Fixed roofs are frangible in case of extra internal
			pressure.

12. Read the text once more and fill in the chart with the necessary information.

Type	Capacity	Material	Application	Advantages	Disadvan-
					tages
Bolted-	100 to
steel	10.000 bbl

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13. You will hear various people talking about tanker disaster.

Task 1. Look at the types of persons listed below. While listening, decide in what order you hear them speak and complete the table with the appropriate number. Three people will not be used.

A	A Green party campaigner
B	A member of the public
C	A central government spokesman
D	A local inhabitant of a disaster area
E	A ship-owner spokesman
F	A radio newsreader
G	A local official
H	An insurance broker

Task 2. Look at the topics listed below. While listening, put the topics in the order in which you hear them mentioned and complete the table with appropriate number. Three topics will not be used.

A	Providing aid for the local people
B	Offering compensation payments
C	Preventing future disasters
D	Describing effect on local people’s lives
E	Tightening international regulations
F	Criticizing government policies
G	Keeping transport costs down
H	Explaining the cause of the accident

14. Role play: Pipeline engineering department is discussing the possible variants of steel tanks with fixed roofs or floating roofs for the East Siberia Pacific Pipeline System project. (Appendix 3).

Agenda:

1.Reports (different opinions)

2.Comparison analysis

3.Results and conclusions

15.Label and describe the following diagrams. Read the necessary information in Appendix 4.

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Reservoir Walls

Fig. 3. Wall panels (reservoirs volume over 5000 cub. cm.)

449

Reservoir Bottoms

Fig. 4. Flat selvageless bottom

450

Fig. 5. Conical selvaged bottom

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Roofs

Fig. 6. Scheme fragment

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	WORDLIST
ENGLISH		RUSSIAN
adequate		соответствующий
aid (in)		способствовать
anti-rotation cable		кабель против вращения
anti-rotation fitting		фитинг против вращения
anti-rotation lug,		консоль против вращения
welded to floor
atmospheric-type		хранение при атмосферного давления
storage
bolt		болт
bolted-steel tank		сборный резервуар
bottom		дно, днище резервуара
capacity		вместимость, пропускная способность
cell		камера
center plate		плита
channel		канал
cleanout		очистное отверстие
coating		покрытие / грунтовка
cone		воронка
connection		соединение
cover access hatch		покрышка люка резервуара
dead weight		собственный вес
deck		крыша резервуара
design pressure		расчетное давление
dismantle		разборка
dome		куполообразная крыша
drain (off)		спускать; выпускать; сливать
equivalent pressure		равнозначное давление
erected by hand		установить ручной
erector		монтажник
excess		превышающий норму
expected life		предполагаемый срок службы
fabrication (be fabricated)		изготовление
facility		оборудования
factory-baked		прокаливать
fixed roof		фиксированная крыша
floating roof		плавающая крыша (резервуара)
flush (out)		технологическая обработка
frangible		ломкий, хрупкий, слабый
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furnished (with)	снабжать
galvanized	оцинковывать
gauge steel	толщина (калибр размер)
ground cable	кабель заземления
ground cable roof	кабель заземления для закрепления
attachment	крышки
hot-dip process	пропитка
impact wrench	гайковерт
installation	монтаж / установка
internal pressure	внутреннее давление
joint	шарнир
ladder	висячая лестница
leak	утечка
marketable oil	товарное
meet requirements	отвечать требования
nominal capacity	номинальная мощность
non-existent	несуществующий
oil storage	нефтехранилище
operating buoyancy	рабочая плавучесть
pontoon	понтон
prevalent (for)	преобладающий;
production	добыча
rafter	балка / стропила
replace	заменить
safety release	безопасность (выпуск)
seal	закупорка
seal	сальниковое уплотнение
segmental	сегментный
sheet	лист
shell	корпус
shell manway	лаз в крыше резервуар
shop-welded	заводской
stave	планка
storage tank	резервуар для хранения
	нефтепродуктов
tank support column	колонна; стойка (в резервуаре)
thickness	толщина стенки
treating system	технологическая обработка
up-ended	опрокидывать
	454

vacuum breaker and	выключатель / рычаг исполнительного
actuator leg	механизма
vapour loss	потери от испарения (нефтепродуктов)
void	интервал
vortex breaker	вихревой выключатель
water-cut oil	обводнённая нефть
welded tank (field)	сварной резервуар

455

APPENDIX 1

456

APPENDIX 2

SELF-ASSIGNMENT TOPICS

1.Repair and Maintenance

2.Tank Repair

3.Welding

4.Pigging and pigs

5.Oil refinery

6.Environmental problems and their solutions

7.Sophisticated pipeline coatings

8.Underground tank storage

9.Corrosion cracking types

10.Pipeline construction in different environments (swamps, undersea, etc.)

11.Valves-construction, application and engineering design

12.Pipeline repair procedures (muffs, sleeves, etc.)

13.Underwater pipeline routing

14.On-line, non-intrusive diagnostic techniques for pipeline inspection and flow assurance

15.Stress conditions in oil tanks

16.Pipeline repair considerations

17.Flow regimes in pipelines

18.Gas and condensate transportation

19.Tank fire safety

20.Pipeline inspection gauges

21.Oil spills and their elimination methods

22.Oil spill formation

23.Restoration procedures

24.Construction standards of PVC underground burying

25.Technical conditions of construction and operation of pipelines on sea bottom

457