- •3. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
- •Downstream (oil industry)
- •Upstream (oil industry)
- •Midstream (oil industry)
- •The Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry is a term coined by an Italian entrepreneur, Enrico Mattei, that refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid-20th century oil production, refinement, and distribution.
- •ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
- •Founded: 1907
- •Products: oil, natural gas, petrochemicals
- •Products: natural gas, petroleum
- •Headquarters: the Netherlands, principal offices in Houston, Paris and the Hague
- •Pronunciation of the name
- •12. Translate into English.
- •12. http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
- •15. http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/oil/oil2.html
- •Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •A. Electric, Radioactivity and Acoustic (Sonic) Logging
- •2. ______ _______ invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •3. ______ _______ measure formation radioactivity.
- •Acidizing
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •Completion
- •Production
- •Abandonment
- •3. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •4. Read the following text and do the exercises.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the text.
- •6. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •People
- •9. Read the text “Drilling Rig” and fill in the missing words from the box. There is one extra word.
- •Drilling Rig
- •Drilling Rig Classification
- •4. Read the text “Hoisting system components” and do the exercises.
- •16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing information. The first sentence is done for you.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the correct term.
- •Example: 7. relies upon
- •7. Scan through the following short definitions and do the after – task exercises.
- •Corrosion types
- •Crack characteristics can vary greatly depending on the cause of the crack, the materials being cracked, and the environment causing the cracking. The following photos show examples of crack profiles.
- •Applied coatings
- •15. Match the questions about “Cathodic protection” on the left with the answers on the right.
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FIXED ROOFS
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FLOATING ROOF
- •METHODS OF ERECTION OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANKS
- •APPENDIX 5
- •Dictionary of Pipeliner's Terms (SLANGS)
- •A. подаваемый ток
- •1. weakening
- •B. коррозионный элемент
- •2. rust
- •C. выходное напряжение
- •3. discoloration
- •D. интенсивность
- •4. impressed current
- •E. (удельная) проводимость
- •5. direct current
- •F. ослабление
- •6. corrosion cell
- •G. обезвоживание
- •7. output voltage
- •H. постоянный ток
- •8. severity
- •9. water removal
- •10. conductivity
- •K. толщина стенки
- •11. operating pressure
- •12. yield strength
- •L. ухудшения характеристик
- •M. рабочее давление
- •13. allowance
- •N. предел текучести
- •14. wall thickness
- •O. допуск
- •fracture
- •трещина
- •gradient
- •угол наклона, склон
- •circuitous
- •окольный, обходной
- •Reynolds number
- •число Рейнольда
- •interplay
- •взаимодействие
- •facet
- •сторона
- •aquifer
- •водоносный слой
- •porous media
- •пористая среда
- •pertinent
- •имеющий отношение
- •civil engineering
- •гражданское строительство
- •soil science
- •почвоведение
- •fluid mechanics
- •механика жидкости
- •inertia
- •инерция
- •Laplace equation
- •уравнение Лапласа
- •simulate
- •имитировать
- •heat conduction
- •теплопроводность
- •heat transfer
- •теплообмен
- •uncoupled processes
- •несвязанные процессы
- •soil moisture
- •влажность почвогрунта
- •viscous
- •вязкий
- •viscosity
- •вязкость ( жидкости, газа )
- •diffusion
- •диффузия
- •steady flow
- •transient flow
- •неустановившийся поток
- •15. deterioration
- •UNIT 1
- •Introduction to Economics and management
- •UNIT 2
- •Finance
- •UNIT 3
- •STOCK
- •UNIT 4
- •THE ECONOMY OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
- •UNIT 5
- •Taxation and audit
- •UNIT 6
- •Production and Costs
- •UNIT 7
- •BUSINESS PLAN
- •UNIT 8
- •International Business Etiquette AND ETHICS
- •References
- •3. Read the text “Hydrogeology: Key Terms and Concepts”, do the exercises
- •Hydrogeology
- •7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
- •12. Fill in the chart with the necessary information from the text.
- •13. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.
- •14. Read the following short texts and fulfill the after-reading exercises. Pay attention to the diagrams and underlined words.
- •Ground Water Aquifer
- •Confined or Artesian Aquifer
- •Drawdown – the vertical drop of the water level in a well caused by ground water pumping; also, the difference between the water level before pumping and the water level during pumping.
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •UNIT 4
- •THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- •Compose your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •10. Answer the following questions.
- •1. What are the functions of atmosphere?
- •1. The phenomenon known as El Niňo
- •A) is confined to the Pacific Ocean.
- •D) caused the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
- •2. It was named after
- •3. It is caused by
- •A) the wind changing direction.
- •D) occurs every four or five years.
- •5. The effect of El Niňo
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
h)upon the floating roofs must be constructed foam dam which height must not be less than 300 mm at 1 m from shell of the tank;
i)for fixing the roof according to the design conditions the antirotation devices must be considered. They do not allow the rotation of the roof. They must bear the horizontal forces, caused by the rolling ladder, by the uneven load from snow, by wind and by rotation of the stored product when it is mixed or the tank fills;
j)the drain pipe must have the diameter not smaller than 3” for the tank which have the diameter D ≤ 36 m. The drain pipe must have the diameter not smaller than 4” for the tanks which have the diameter D > 36 m;
k)the pontoons situated on the periphery must be separated by waterproofed barriers and every pontoon must have manhole for inspection;
l)in the central part of the roof must have one manhole for inspection, through which people can go to the roof when the roof is in its lower position and the tank is empty.
METHODS OF ERECTION OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANKS
There are three general ways for erection of the Aboveground Steel Tanks (AST): by rolls; sheet by sheet and lifting method. These methods will be described briefly there.
a) rolls method – when the bottom and shell are made from rolled sheets, and roof (cone and spherical, self supported and supported) – made from shields. The advantages of this method are as follow:
–relatively quick method for erection, because the composite elements are biggest, made in special plants for metal constriction (i.e. ZMLK – “Septemvri”);
–input and output control of the production is easier and quicker, which make the terms shorter;
–increase the quality of the execution because bigger part of weld joints are made in a plant and welding of the elements is automated with special machines;
–the number of the workers needed for this operation is small.
A disadvantage of this method to some extent or limited appliance is that there is a maximum of the thickness of the sheets, which will be used for rolls making. Maximum thickness can not exceed 14 mm for ordinary low carbon steel (S235) and 18 mm for low stainless steel with increased strength. The theoretical grounding for limits is made by B.V. Popovskiy. Therefore the tanks which have volume up to V1≤20000m3 can be made using the rolls method. In addition, for bigger volumes the dimension D and H of the tank
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must be took into account, because the facility of the KZU in NHK – Bourgas for instance can produce roll with height H ≤ 12,0 m. Maximal height of the shell H made only by the rolls method can not exceed 18,0 m, which is due to the limit of the facility in ZMLK – “Septemvri”.
Other important disadvantages of the classical rolls method are:
–line placed crossing welds of vertical joints of the shell;
–whole uninterrupted vertical joint, made on the site, where are – inside picking;
–the use of the heavy and expensive facilities during the erection work;
–when the tanks are made according to the rolls method it is very difficult to achieve as good geometrical form as when the tanks which are made by sheet by sheet method.
b) sheet by sheet (classical) method. The whole sheet construction and section for bottom, shell and roof are cut and bend preliminary after the precise dimensions.
Advantages of the sheet by sheet method are:
–the expensive and complicated facilities such as when the rolls need, are not necessary for the sheet by sheet method;
–the erection works need relatively not so heavy facility and the facility could be applied for all the volumes of the tanks and the site;
–all vertical joints have length equal to the one course. So the crossing welds have been avoided which made the tank secure for exploitation;
–the shell and bottom shape is closer to the designed one;
–the tanks with every volumes and height can be made using the sheet by sheet method.
Disadvantages of the sheet by sheet method:
–relatively longer term for erection is needed;
–the number of the weld joints and the necessary control on the site is increased;
–more qualified workers are needed for this operation.
c) lifting method – it is kind of the sheet by sheet erection method. First must be done erection and welding of the bottom and the first (lower) course. The shell must be collected course by course on the insider part of the first course and only the vertical weld joints between sheets must be made. After the welding of the last course, the roof must be mounted and welded to the last one. The access for coming in the tank must be assured through one or two part of the roof cover plates by means of use of erecting stairs inside and outside.
The lifting began from the last course together with the roof. The jacking system type “Laterna” (10–15 t) must be used or hydraulic jacking system evenly positioned on the perimeter of the shell. The insider course must be
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lift up to the level in which the horizontal lap joint between upper course and the next one to be 60 mm of the entire perimeter.
It is necessary to be made double lap joint with minimum 2 layers per weld. First lap weld must be made outside in bottom position and then inside in ceiling position. The whole shell of the tank is executed as consecutive lifting and welding of the erecting horizontal joints. The correct lifting of the course must be controlled (the different courses must have the same axis) and every bending of the shell as a whole must be avoided.
This type of lifting method, with lap welds on horizontal joints, is not in application now. According all standards around the world every one shell joint have to be made as but, with full penetration and fusion.
d) mixed method. This is a method which is combination from sheet by sheet method and the rolls method, where the bottom is made by rolled sheets, the 6shell is made by sheet by sheet method and the roof is made by shields. This method combines the advantages of the rolls, sheet by sheet methods. This technology allows the acceleration of the erection and the use of the relatively light mechanization.
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APPENDIX 4
Reservoir Walls
Reservoir walls are manufactured via rolling or sheeted assembly. Sheeted assembly is usually applied in cases of reservoir's lower belt wall thickness over 18 mm, but upon the customer's request this method can be used to produce reservoir of any size. Basically, for sheeted assembly roll metal from 1.8 to 3 m thick and up to 12 m long is used. Sheet selvage refinement is committed mechanically, through milling or plasma cutting. Sheet rolling is done via threeand four-roll apparatus. It is recommended that reservoirs with lower belt wall thickness up to 18 mm should be manufactured via rolling method. Wall plates are rectangular in shape and have tolerance areas at factory seams along with rectilinear starting and terminal edges. Longitudinal seams in these edges have raw spaces ready for melding. The cogged assembly edge is created by cutting the technological tolerance area (usually 150 300 mm) of the plate lengthwise. To ensure quality roll forming of reservoirs with volume over 5 000 m3, triangular technological insets are applied at starting and terminal edges.
Reservoir Bottoms
Flat bottoms (for reservoirs with volume up to 1 000 m3) consist of sheets of the same thickness. Conical bottoms (for reservoirs with volume over 1000 m3) have a central part and thickened ring selvages. It is recommended to take bottom inclination off centre, thus affording to compensate the possible unevenness of base immersions. When manufacturing flat bottoms and central parts of conical bottoms with metal thickness up to 7 mm the rolling method is applied, while for metal thickness 8 mm and over – sheeted technology is used. For geometrical shape improvement of bottoms (reduction of “poppers” which can appear in the process of sheet rolling and can increase due to melding deformation) a minimum bottom thickness of at least 5 mm is recommended, including 1 mm allowance for corrosion.
Roofs
Spherical racked roofs are used at reservoirs with volume over 5000 m3. The roofs consist of rolled radial girders, main and intermediate, rack ring elements, central and deck plates, based on rack elements. Along the wall perimeter there's a support ring, receiving thrust pressure of the sphere and ensuring fixation and stability of the geometrical shape of the walls during the assembly. Implosion protection measures are identical to those for the conical racked roofs.
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