Text 4.

Neo-Freudians

Ex.1. Learn the following words and word-combinations:

1. adolescence – пубертатный, подростковый возраст;

2. anxiety – беспокойство, тревога (about, for);боязнь, опасение;

3. to enable – давать возможность; делать возможным (что-л.);

4. to object (to) – возражать, протестовать; выдвигать возражения;

5. to point out – указывать; показывать; обращать ( чье-л. ) внимание;

6. potential – возможность; (потенциальные) возможности, потенциал;

7. sense – чувство, ощущение;

8. to strengthen – усиливать(ся); укреплять(ся);

9. to take into account – принимать во внимание, в расчет;

10. to trust – верить, доверять(ся), полагаться (на кого-л.), trust – вера, доверие.

Ex. 2. Read the following text.

A second generation of ppsychologists, called neo-Freudians, tried to take into account factors such as society and culture, or general environment. The psychoanalyst and social philosopher Erich Fromm, for example, argued that freedom was stressful. He pointed out that in some societies the population followed a dictator in order to be relieved of the stress of having to make decisions. In his famous book ‘Escape from Freedom' (1941), Fromm described various personality types that developed out of the need to deal with freedom-caused anxiety.

Another neo-Freudian, Karen Horney was one of the first woman analysts who took into account female sexuality and personality. She objected to Freud's concepts of libido, death instinct, and penis envy, which she felt could be more adequately explained by cultural and social conditions. Horney pointed out that early treatment by parents, not anatomy, determined basic personality orientations. She also said that thoughtless, uncaring, or self-centered parents are the cause of anxiety in infants, leading to neurosis and feelings of inferiority later on in life.

Erik Erikson was an artist and teacher in Vienna before he became interested in the psychoanalysis of children. After entering psychoanalysis with Freud's daughter Anna, he underwent training to become a psychoanalyst himself and moved to the United States in the early 1930s. Erikson's broad-based conception of human nature was the result of years of research with American Indians, returned servicemen, and adolescent offspring of wealthy families, as well as his literary and artistic interests. Like Jung, Erikson arrived at a view of individual development that included the whole span of human development.

In his classic book ‘Childhood and Society' (1950), Erikson described eight ages of life, which included the whole cycle from birth to death. At each stage the individual must resolve a psychosocial crisis in a positive way in order for healthy development to continue. Erikson felt that it was essential to strengthen the positive potential more than the negative potential during a crisis. He proposed, for example, that in infancy the crisis is between a sense of trust (the world is a safe, warm place that is ready and willing to meet one's needs) and a sense of mistrust (the world is unsafe, cold, and withholding). According to him, a healthy child develops a strong sense of trust and a little mistrust. In addition, Erikson also pointed out that if a crisis is not resolved in a positive way at one stage, it can be reestablished at a later stage.

Known for her work with children, the Austrian-born British psychoanalyst Melanie Klein observed free play in children in order to gain insight into their unconscious fantasy life. Like Anna Freud, she was interested in the field of childhood psychopathology. However, unlike both Sigmund and Anna Freud, she believed children's play to be a symbolic way of controlling anxiety. In her object-relations theory, Klein related ego development to the experience of various drive objects, physical objects that were associated with psychic drives. Her form of psychoanalysis enabled her to study children as young as 2 or 3 years of age.

1. offspring – отпрыск, потомок

2. life span – жизненный отрезок

3. unlike – в отличие от

Ex.3. Practice to pronounce the following words.

Environment, anxiety, adequate, adequately, crisis, thought, thoughtless, physical, psychic, psychoanalysis, psychopathology, essential, conscious, unconscious.

Ex. 4. Read and translate the words and word-combinations.

Psychoanalyst, stressful, in order to, ego development, from birth to death, psychosocial crisis, freedom-caused society, a sense of trust, to gain insight, female sexuality, concepts of libido, personality orientation, adolescent, object-relations society, broad-based conception, self-centered parents.

Ex.5. Find English equivalents in the text:

Свобода, принимать решение, социальные и культурные условия, чувство неполноценности, результат исследований, лечение, состоятельные семьи, этапы развития, бессознательные фантазии, психические стимулы, опыт, чувство недоверия, позитивное решение, причина беспокойства.

Ex.6. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What differ neo-Freudians from Freudians?

2. Why is freedom stressful for people according to Fromm?

3. What did K.Horney take into account in her theory of personal development?

4. What was E.Erikson before he became a psychoanalyst?

5. What groups of people did Erikson study?

6. How many stages of life are there in Erikson’s theory of personality?

7. What is the main source of development according to Erikson?

8. Why did M.Klein observe free play in children?

9. How did she believe children’s play? How does her view differ from other psychologists?

Ex. 7. Put in the prepositions. Translate the text in writing. Retell it.

Harry Stack Sullivan

 (1892–1949)

H. S. Sullivan was born … Norwich, N.Y., … 21st of February … 1892. He received his medical degree … 1917 from the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery. He worked … St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he met psychologist William Alanson White. … 1923 … 1930 Sullivan worked … the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital in Towson. … that time he met Adolf Meyer. Both White and Meyer greatly influenced his life and his theories. Sullivan taught for a short time … Georgetown University's medical school, and in 1933 he helped to found the William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation. In 1936 he helped establish the Washington (D.C.) School of Psychiatry, where he remained … 1947. In 1938 Sullivan founded and edited the journal Psychiatry. He worked with UNESCO to reduce international tensions following World War II, and in 1948 he was involved … founding the World Federation for Mental Health. After a meeting of the federation, Sullivan died of a brain hemorrhage in Paris in 1949.

Ex. 8. Make a discussion answering the following questions:

1. Do you believe that every person is unique or we all differ only in the degree of our characteristics and capacities?

2. How does an introvert differ from an extrovert?

UNIT 4

Text 1.