Different Types of Love

Ex.1. Learn the following words and word combinations:

1. toapply– обращаться с просьбой; применять, использовать;

2. toattach– прикреплять; привязывать, располагать к себе (to);

3. attachment– преданность, привязанность;

4. attitude – отношение;

5. to increase – увеличивать;

6. intimacy– тесная связь, близость;intimate– глубоко личный, интимный;

7. percentage –процент;

8. toprecede– начинать; предварять, предпосылать;

9. to share – делить, делиться;

10. in the terms of – в рамках (чего-л.).

Ex.2. Read the following text:

According to popular belief, it is love that makes the world go round. Psychologists E. Berscheid and E.M. Walster differ between companionate love (a “true love” to a very close person (a parent, a friend, a marriage partner) and passionate love (romantic love, obsessive love, “love sick”).

Z. Rubin distinguishes loving and liking. He defines liking as positively evaluating another. Loving is qualitatively different from liking and contains three main components: attachment (the need for the physical presence and emotional support of the loved one); caring (a feeling of concern and responsibility for the loved one); intimacy (the desire for close and confidential contact and communication, wanting to share certain thoughts and feelings with the loved one more fully than with anyone else). The love scale can also be applied to same-sex friends. Rubin found that women reported loving their friends more than men did. But there was no difference between males and females on the liking scale.

Other studies suggest that women’s friendships tend to be more intimate than men’s. Most of the time love doesn’t involve intense physical symptoms. Love is thought of as a particular sort of attitude that one person has towards another.

R.J. Sternberg has proposed a “triangular” model of love, in which three basic components (intimacy, passion and commitment) can be combined producing consummate love. When only two are combined the resulting love is either romantic (intimacy+passion), companionate (intimacy+commitment) or fatuous (passion+commitment). This model of love is multidimensional, while Rubin’s is one-dimensional. He points out that love is a single dimension on which individuals can be estimated in terms of strength of feelings for their partners.

According to the latest psychological data, the romantic love isn’t exclusive to Western societies. The notion of people falling in love is found in one from or another in most human societies, even where marriages are traditionally arranged by families. An analysis of songs and folklore in 166 societies indicates that romantic love is recognized in more than 85 per cent of them. Over the last centuries societies become industrialized and more individualistic, the percentage of people who believe that love can precede marriage is increasing.

When W.M. Kephart asked Americans to suppose that someone had all the other qualities he/she desires in a marriage whether he/she would marry this person if he/she were not in love. More than 80 per cent of both men and women said “no”. This can be explained that financial independence had allowed women to choose marriage partners for reasons other than material necessity. But this doesn’t explain why romantic love has become so central for both men and women in industrial societies.

1. sick – больной, болезненный; нездоровый

2. triangular – треугольный

3. commitment – обязательство

Ex.3. Practice to pronounce the following words.

Passion, passionate, companionate, consummate, fatuous, quality, qualitative, qualitatively, intimacy, intimate, dimension, multidimensional, one-dimensional, scale, industrial, to industrialize, industrialized.

Ex.4. Form the adjectives according to the examples. Translate them.

Help – helpful

Use, care, grate, forget, cheer, doubt, will, beauty, help, power.

Passion – passionate

Companion, intimacy, delicacy, affection, despair, consider, consume.

Ex. 5. Read and translate the words and word-combinations.

Companionate love, passionate love, romantic love, consummate love, fatuous love, physical presence, the loved one, caring, confidential contact, to share thoughts, the love scale, same-sex friends, multidimensional model, the latest data.

Ex. 6. Find English equivalents in the text:

Известное высказывание, близкий друг, эмоциональная поддержка, общение, модель любви, основные компоненты, сила чувств, западное общество, финансовая независимость, материальная необходимость, качества, женская дружба, вид отношений, изучение фольклора, индустриальное общество.

Ex.7. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What does the popular belief say? How do you understand its meaning?

2. What types of love are described in the text?

3. What are the basic components of loving?

4. Why do women differ in the love scale?

5. What are the main components of consummate love?

6. Is romantic love exclusive to industrial societies?

7. What does the term attachment mean?

8. If someone had all the qualities you desire would you marry this person without being in love?

Ex.8. Complete the following sentences:

1. Companionate love is …

2. Passionate love is …

3. Liking is …

4. Loving contains …

5. Romantic love is …

6. Caring is …

7. Sternberg’s model of love includes…

8. Women’s friendship …

Ex.9. Choose the right form of the verb:

1. I enjoy (to be, being) alone.

2. The children were told to avoid (to cross, crossing) the road here.

3. They decided (to conduct, conducting) some more experiments.

4. It is easy (to make, making) mistakes.

5. I’m looking forward to (to visit, visiting) you because I have many things to discuss with you.

6. I don’t mind (to wait, waiting) until you get back.

7. You must remember (to tell, telling) her about it.

8. I’d like (to tell, telling) you something.

9. I can’t afford (to buy, buying) a car?

10. Melanie offered (to cook, cooking) the meal.

Ex.10. Find in the text the sentences with participle I and translate them into Russian.

Text 4.