Text 3. Freud's Followers

Ex.1. Learn the following words:

1. aptitude – склонность ( к чему-л. - for );

2. to attract – привлекать, притягивать;

3. awareness – сознание;

4. to be concerned with – заниматься, интересоваться чем-л. (in, with), concern – интерес, участие; забота, беспокойство;

5. to demand – требовать, потребовать; предъявлять требование;

6. to fail – потерпеть неудачу; не иметь успеха ( in );

7. order – порядок, последовательность, очередность;

8. power – сила, мощь; способность, возможность; власть;

9. principal – главный, основной;

10. to reject – отвергать, отклонять; отказывать(ся);

11. to undergo – испытывать, переносить; подвергаться (чему-л.).

Ex. 2. Read the following text:

Although Freud's theories were initially rejected by the most scientific community, they attracted a number of outstanding followers. Some of his students departed from his psychoanalytic theories and started schools of their own.

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung developed his own psychology, called analytical psychology. Jung rejected Freud's idea that sexual experiences during infancy are the principal cause of neurotic behavior in adults. Jung believed that Freud overemphasized the role of sexual drive. He developed an alternative theory of the libido, arguing that the will to live was stronger than the sexual drive. For Jung, many neuroses occur because individuals fail to realize all aspects of their personalities. Jung also emphasized analysis of current problems, rather than childhood conflicts, in the treatment of adults.

His classification of personalities into two types—introverts and extroverts—became well known. He developed a theory of the unconscious mind, arguing that there were both personal, or individual, and inherited, or collective, elements. Borrowing heavily from Hindu mysticism, analytical psychology stresses the collective unconscious, in which the unconscious contains symbols from humanity's collective past and not just from the individual's own past. Jung wrote many books. ‘Modern Man in Search of a Soul', published in 1933, became a classic book of the problems of 20th-century life. The semiautobiographical ‘Memories, Dreams, Reflections' was published after his death.

He was also one of the first to discuss what is now known as developmental psychology. Jung found that many of his patients underwent significant personality changes when they reached the middle years of life. He argued that those parts of the personality that were unrealized in early years would demand expression in maturity. Such a conflict is known as a mid-life crisis. For example, an aggressive businessman experiencing a mid-life crisis might, in his later years, feel an unrealized need to stay home and take care of his family.

Another of Freud's followers who eventually started his own school of psychology was the Austrian psychiatrist Alfred Adler. In his theory of individual psychology, Adler argued that the problem at the core of neurosis was a feeling of inferiority. In Adler's view, the striving for perfection or success may become a striving for superiority in order to compensate for feelings of inferiority. The individual is unique, and one's personality structure, including a particular goal and ways of striving for it, makes up one's life-style. Although the life-style is more or less outside the person's awareness,all specific drives or emotions are subordinated to it. Adler believed that life-style is formed in early childhood, important factorsarebirthorder, physical inferiority, and neglect or pampering. Mental health is characterized by social interest, reason, and being able to get outside of oneself. Mental disorder is represented by feelings of inferiority, a self-centeredconcern for safety, and a desire for superiority orpowerover others.

The individual cannot be considered apart from society. A person's social interest is an innate aptitude that must be developed. In contrast to Jung and Freud, both of whom placed great emphasis on unconscious inner forces in human development, Adler was moreconcernedwiththe influence of social experience. Adler was also the first to point out the significance of a child'sorderof birth in personality development.

Adler's early writings were largely theoretical. His later works, such as ‘Understanding Human Nature' (1927) and ‘What Life Should Mean to You' (1931), were, however, written for the general reader. Two works that describe his views are ‘The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler' (1956) and ‘Superiority and Social Interest' (1964).

2. inferiority — чувство неполноценности

3. get outside of – постичь (что-л.); разобраться (в вопросе и т. п.); проникнуть ( в суть дела ).

Ex.3. Practice to pronounce the following words.

Psychoanalytic, psychiatrist, psychotherapy, theory, although, analytical, crisis, personality, maturity, inferiority, superiority, unique, equal, innate, striving, unconscious, awareness, outstanding, encourage, initially, eventually, emphasize, scientific, semiautobiographical, significant, significance.

Ex.4. Form the opposite adjectives according to the example:

Pleasant – unpleasant

Conscious, believable, familiar, happy, certain, able, unaffected, important, conditioned.

Ex. 5. Read and translate the words and word-combinations using the dictionary.

Psychoanalytical theories, developmental psychology, individual psychology, the collective unconscious, introversion, extroversion, unconscious forces, social experience, maturity, mid-life crisis, infancy, life-style, human relationships, sexual drive, inherited, the striving for perfection, birth order, the will to live, treatment, infancy.

Ex.6. Find English equivalents in the text:

Научное сообщество, специальные способности, бороться с трудностями, влияние, ввести термин, переоценивать, последователи Фрейда, нереализованная потребность, поведение, создание новых идей, типы личности, структура личности, гиперопека, достигают успеха.

Ex.7. Match the words with similar meanings:

5. basic, concern, importance, awareness, inner, to appeal, to demand, wish, force, innate, to emphasize, personal, need;

6. to require, consciousness, power, to attract, principal, care, drive, individual, outer, to stress, significance, desire, inherited.

Ex.8. Answer the following questions on the text in writing:

1. Who are the Freudian’s followers?

2. What theory was developed by Carl Jung?

3. What personality classification was suggested by C. Jung?

4. What is a mid-life crisis according to C. Jung?

5. Who was the founder of the theory of individual psychology?

6. How is an individual life-style formed in Adler’s opinion?

7. What are the important factors of personality’s development according to Adler?

8. How did Adler see the psychotherapy?

Ex.9. Change the sentences from active into passive according to the example:

Anna Freud developed ego psychology started by her father. – Ego psychology started by her father was developed by Anna Freud.

1. C. Jung founded the theory of analytical psychology.

2. The children use the rules of the games to study morality.

3. Psychologists see emotions as the basis for moral development.

4. Freud’s theories attracted a number of outstanding psychologists.

5. C. Jung rejected the significant role of sexual drive in adults’ behaviour.

6. The collective unconscious influences our experience and behaviour.

7. A. Adler pointed out the role of birth order in personality development.

8. Freud named Adler the president of the Viennese Analytic Society.

9. We should see people as wholes rather than parts.

Ex. 10. Make a discussion answering the following questions:

1. Do you agree with Adler’s statement that a feeling of inferiority in the childhood influences the whole life of a person?

2. Can you say that the birth order (a first-born, a second child, the youngest in the family or the only child) influenced your personal development?