Tradition, traditional, fear, fearless, impulse, acceptable, unacceptable, censure, to frustrate, frustration, to affect, affection, direction, intense, cylinder, sphere.

Ex. 4. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations.

By means of, in frustration, in any direction, life roles, adult censure, desired attention, forward, backward, a timid child, the traditional character, to release impulses, to express needs, the need for attraction, to pull thing apart, within reach.

Ex.5. Match the words with similar meanings:

1. a means, grown-up, acts, chance, to discover, to express, to examine, to handle, to watch, to encounter, to acquire;

2. to touch, to gain, to reveal, a way, to meet, to observe, to study, movements, adult, opportunity, to show.

Ex.6. Answer the questions on the text I and II:

1. What are the functions of play?

2. What games does a child prefer to play?

3. How do the children investigate things through play?

4. What games did you like to pay when you were a child?

5. What are the most favourite games of your son/daughter (nephew/niece)?

6. Do you think that the games have changed since your childhood? If “yes” why?

Ex.7. Complete the sentences …

1. Play gives an opportunity …

2. Children use games …

3. Children play with …

4. Play leads to …

5. Through the game ...

6. Children learn …

Ex. 8. Retell the text above.

Text 4. Some Theories About Play

Ex.1. Learn the new words and word-combinations.

1. to blame – порицать, осуждать, критиковать;

2. to consider – думать, полагать, считать;

3. to deal with – иметь дело (c);

4. to define – определять, характеризовать;

5. to develop – развивать; development – развитие;

6. habit – обычай, привычка; нрав;

7. to hold – полагать, считать; рассматривать; придерживаться ( доктрины, мнения, взгляда и т. п. );

8. skill – навык;

9. purpose – цель, намерение;

10. record – запись; регистрация, письменная фиксация ( каких-л. фактов );

11. to suggest – предлагать, советовать, намекать.

Ex. 2. Read the following text:

Play has probably always been a part of human life. Ancient Egyptian records show adults and children playing with balls of papyrus and reeds. People have probably always used some forms of play to make tasks easier; for example, work songs of various kinds.

Many parents and other people have speculated about the meaning and value of play and its effect upon the individual child. Play is often considered a simple activity whose only purpose is to keep a person busy and occupied. In the past, play was often considered a waste of time and blamed because it might lead to habits of idleness. But play is a self-directed activity and for this reason is probably much more complex than it seems—as complex as human beings themselves.

Some people, especially those who study animal behavior, consider that play constitutes a mechanism of growth. They have studied the play of young animals and have concluded that the games are a necessary part of physical, mental, and emotional development. The play prepares the young for adulthood. In the games, the young animals learn to stalk and fight with their playmates. In so doing they develop the skills that they will need to survive as adults. Some experts who study human behaviour believe that children also may play to re-create and rehearse life situations. This view is known as the rehearsal theory.

Three others—the surplus energy, recreation, and catharsis theories—seem closely allied. The surplus energy theory holds that play is used as a means of release for excess energy. That is, play enables a person to “let off steam.” The recreation theory holds that the primary purpose of play is a change from daily routine. In this way, play becomes an antidote for tense nerves, mental fatigue, and emotional unrest. The catharsis theory holds that play is a release for pent-up emotions and that people of all ages play to rid themselves of tensions.

Perhaps the best known of all play theories is the Piaget theory. The work of Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist born in 1896, says that play is children's way of actually getting to know the environment in which they live and then developing methods that they can use to deal with it. His theory suggests that two processes—assimilation and accommodation—are fundamental to all organic development. He defines assimilation as any process in which information received by an individual is changed into a form that the individual can use. That is, the individual “digests” all information that is received and puts it into a form usable for him. He defines accommodation as the adjustment an individual must make to the outside world in order to get the information necessary for assimilation.

1. reed – тростник

2. to stalk – подкрадываться ( к дичи ); выслеживать

3. surplus – избыточный; добавочный;

4. antidote – противоядие;

5. pent-up – сдерживаемый

Ex.3. Practice to pronounce the following words.

Ancient, to idle, idleness, mechanism, to rehearse, rehearsal, to inherit, inheritance, heredity, hereditary, assimilation, accommodation, necessary, to constitute, generation, though, furthermore.

Ex. 4. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations using the dictionary.

A waste of time, human behavior, self-directed activity, excess theory, rehearsal theory, recapitulation theory, recreation theory, surplus energy theory, catharsis theory, instinct theory, daily routine, Egyptian records, to make tasks easier, to keep a person busy, to pay much attention to, biological heritance.

Ex.5. Find English equivalents in the text.

Физические и умственные способности, значение игры, поведение животных, механизм развития, умственное развитие, эмоциональное развитие, воссоздавать жизненные ситуации, те, кто придерживаются этой теории, потребность, окружающая среда, способ обучения.

Ex. 6. Are the following statements true or false? Correct them if they are false.

1. People didn’t play in ancient time.

2. Play is a simple activity to keep a person busy.

3. Play is a waste of time.

4. Play is a complex activity as it might seem.

5. Play is a necessary part of personal development.

6. The best known theory of play is the Piaget theory.

7. The rehearsal theory holds that the purpose of play is a change from a daily routine.

8. Piaget defines assimilation as the adjustment to the environment.

Ex. 7. Choose the proper variant:

1. She reads (a lot, a lot of, many).

2. He is very (good, well) at dancing.

3. The meat smells (nice, nicely).

4. My flat is (much, more) larger than yours.

5. It is getting (more warm, warmer).

6. The (little, less, least) we read, the (little, less, least) intelligent we are.

7. Why are you so (late, lately)?

8. I am (as, so) capable in foreign languages as my sister.

Ex. 8. Find in the text the sentences with adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees and translate them in writing.