microbiology_konspekt_lysak_2008

ɬɢɩɚ) ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɭɛɢɬɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ (ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧ, ɯɢɦɨɬɪɢɩɫɢɧ, ɩɪɨɧɚɡɚ) ɢ ɊɇɄɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȾɇɄɚɡɵ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ȼɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ȾɇɄ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɦɟɱɟɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɦ (32Ɋ) ȾɇɄ, ɦɟɬɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ȾɇɄ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ, ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, ɝɟɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɯ (Haɟmophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɨɣ, ɧɨ

ɢɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ. ɉɥɚɡɦɢɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ

ɢɪɟɩɥɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȾɇɄ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɦɦɚ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ, ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ, ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ.

1.Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɤ ȾɇɄɚɡɟ.

2.ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ȾɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ȾɇɄ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ȾɇɄɚɡɵ.

3.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ.

4.ɋɢɧɚɩɫ ɨɞɧɨɰɟɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɰɟɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɨɣ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ.

5.ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ ɜ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɭɸ ȾɇɄ

ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ.

6.Ɋɟɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ.

7.ɗɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɸ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ.

208

ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ

Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɭɸ ȾɇɄ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɫ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɨɣ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ.

ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Bacillus subtilis ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɝɟɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ – ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɝɨɧɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ).

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ, ɝɟɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭ B. subtilis ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ȾɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

10–15 % ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɭ Aspergillus niger – 0,1–0,2 %, ɭ Rhizobium japonicum – ɞɨ 0,1 % ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ.

ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɟɧɨɜ (ɭ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 40), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ. Ʉ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɵ «ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ» (ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ) ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ; ɤ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ – ɝɟɧɵ, ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ȾɇɄ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɢɧɝɚ) ȾɇɄ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ; ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɝɟɧɵ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɫ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɨɣ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.

ȼɪɹɞɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ (Ɋ. ɉɚɤɭɥɚ, Ɋ. ɏɨɱɤɢɫɫ, Ɋ. Ɍɨɦɚɫ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɦ. ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ S. pneumoniae, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɦ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɩɬɢɞ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫ-

209

ɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ 100 ºɋ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɡɚ 30 ɦɢɧ).

ȼɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ «ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ» ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧ». ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ S. pneumoniae ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ 17 ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ – ɨɬ 14 ɞɨ 23 ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ɍ B. subtilis ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɵ – ɷɬɨ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ ɢɡ 9–10 ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ.

ȼɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɹ ɜɫɟ ɝɟɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ.

ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ

ɢɛɟɥɤɚ-ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 61).

«ȼɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ»

Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɨɦɟɧ

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ
ɤɥɟɬɤɢ
ɋɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ	ɉɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɛɟɥɨɤ
Ɏ	Ƚ

Ɏ

Ⱥ	ȼɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ

Ȼɟɥɨɤ-ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ

«ɂɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ»

Ɋɢɫ. 61. Ⱦɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɩɨ Ⱥ. Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɡɨɪɨɜɭ, 2001):

Ɏ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; Ƚ, Ⱥ – ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɝɢɫɬɢɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɚɫɩɚɪɬɚɬɚ

ɋɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ. ɋɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɢɫɬɢɞɢɧɤɢɧɚɡ,

210

ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɏɟɪɨɦɨɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ; ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɢɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ ɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ – ɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɛɟɥɤɭ-ɪɟɝɭɥɹ- ɬɨɪɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ-ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɝɢɫɬɢɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɚɫɩɚɪɬɚɬɚ. Ɏɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɨɧɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɸ ɪɹɞɚ «ɦɨɥɱɚɳɢɯ» ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ.

ɏɨɬɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ 50 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɚɰɢɥɥ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɧɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɮɟɪɨɦɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɝɨɧɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ: ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ.

Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ ȾɇɄ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ:

x ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ;

xɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɩɟɧɢɰɢɥɥɢɧɭ, ɱɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ;

xɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɦ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ȾɇɄ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ;

xɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ;

xɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ;

xɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɲɨɤɭ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ;

xɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ E. coli, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɚ Erwinia ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ ȾɇɄ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ – ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ (50 ɦɆ) ɩɪɢ 0 ºɋ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ 37 ºɋ ɢɥɢ 42 ºɋ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ

211

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ Mg2+, Mn2+ ɢɥɢ Rb+. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɧɤɭɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ Ca2+, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɨɤɫɢɞɚ.

ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɢɞɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ȾɇɄ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɪɢɨɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ (0,5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɜɢɧɚ-80) ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ (ɞɨ –196 ºɋ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ +42 ºɋ ɢ ɜɵɫɟɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɵ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨ-ɡɟ- ɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɥɢɡ. ȼ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ȾɇɄ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɢɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ-ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɩɚɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 5– 20 ɦɫ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (1–15 ɤȼ/ɫɦ) ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɪ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɛɨɣ). ȼɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɨɪ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɤɚɤ ȾɇɄ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨ-

212

ɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ȾɇɄ ɜɵɠɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 80 % ɜɵɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ȾɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ɍ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ȾɇɄ ɫ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ: ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ȾɇɄ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɭɠɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ȾɇɄɚɡɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɤ ȾɇɄ. Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.

Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ B. subtilis ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 2 ɦɢɧ (ɪɢɫ. 62).

			1400
	ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ	ɬɪɢɬɢɣ ȾɇɄ, ɢɦɩ/ɦɢɧ	1200
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ			1000
			800
			600
			400
			200
			0
			0	20	40	60	80	100	120	140	160
					ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȾɇɄ, ɫ

Ɋɢɫ. 62. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɦɟɱɟɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ

B. subtilis (ɩɨ Ⱦ. Ⱦɭɛɧɚɭ, 1976)

ɉɪɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɭ B. subtilis, ɩɧɟɜɦɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ – ɛɟɥɤɚɦ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ȾɇɄ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɜ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ.

213

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ȾɇɄ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ 30 ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ȾɇɄ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɝɚɞɚɥɶɬɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɧɢɬɟɜɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɆȾ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ. ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤ ȾɇɄɚɡɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɂɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ȾɇɄ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɋ. Ʌɟɤɫɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ȾɇɄ ɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ B. subtilis ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɵ (ɢɥɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡ). Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ.

Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɋ. Ʌɟɤɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ:

xɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɦɭɬɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ;

xɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ

ɜɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ.

ɍ ɝɟɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Haemophilus influenzae ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. ɉɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 80–100 ɦɤɦ, ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 5–13 ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ. ɗɬɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɨɫɨɦɚɦɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɨɫɨɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 25 ɤȾ. ɉɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ȾɇɄ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ȾɇɄ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɨɫɨɦɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɹɫɟɧ, ɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡ, «ɨɛɴɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ» ɨɞɧɭ ɧɢɬɶ ȾɇɄ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɢɬɢ.

Ƚɟɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ Haemophilus parainfluenzae ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɨɫɨɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɨɫɨɦ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ Haemophilus influenzae, ɨɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ȾɇɄ, ɦɢɝɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. ȾɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɨɫɨɦɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ȾɇɄ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ.

214

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ.

ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ȾɇɄ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɜ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɭ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɥɢɩɫ-ɮɚɡɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɡɚɬɦɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɭ ɮɚɡɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɡ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ȾɇɄ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɤɥɢɩɫ-ɮɚɡɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɵɯ ȾɇɄ.

Ɉɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɚɹ ȾɇɄ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɚ ɫ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɵ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ. Ⱦɨɧɨɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɭɸ ȾɇɄ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ

ɜɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɢɬɢ ȾɇɄ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɮɥɚɧɝɚɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ȾɇɄ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ; ɢɯ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ

ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɞɭɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɚɹ ȾɇɄ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɢɬɶ ȾɇɄ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɨɧɨɪɭ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɭ (ɪɢɫ. 63).

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɧɢɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ȾɇɄ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ ɜ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɭ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɞɨɧɨɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɭ, ɢɡ ɞɜɭɧɢɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ȾɇɄ, ɢ ɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɛɪɟɲɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɢɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɧɢɬɢɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɵɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ ȾɇɄ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚɦ.

Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ: x ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɵ;

xɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ;

xɞɥɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɟɧɨɦ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɢɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ;

xɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭ- ɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ȾɇɄ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ

215

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɬɚɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ȾɇɄ.

Ȼ ȼ

Ⱥ

Ⱦ ȿ

ɋ

ɋ

Ȼ

Ɏɪɚɧɦɟɧɬɵ ȾɇɄ ɢɡ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ

Ɋɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ

ɜ

ɛ ɝ ɚ ɞ

ɏɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɚɹ ȾɇɄ

Ɋɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɭɸ ȾɇɄ

Ȼɜ

ɛɝ

Ⱥɚ ɞ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ȾɇɄ

Ȼɜ

ɝ

ɚɞ

Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ

Ɋɢɫ. 63. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ

7.5.2. Ʉɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ

Ʉɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɚ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ-ɪɟɰɢ- ɩɢɟɧɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.

216

əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɟɞɟɪɛɟɪɝɨɦ ɢ ɗ. Ɍɚɬɭɦɨɦ ɜ 1946 ɝ. ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɚɭɤɫɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɦɢ ɲɬɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ E. coli.Ɉɧɢ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ E. coli. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ Ʌɟɞɟɪɛɟɪɝɚ ɢ Ɍɚɬɭɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. Ⱦɜɚ ɚɭɤɫɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɦɚ E. coli ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɝɟɧɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ:

ɲɬɚɦɦ Ⱥ – met– bio– thr+ leu+ thi+, ɲɬɚɦɦ ȼ – met+ bio+ thr– leu– thi–

ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɱɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɤɭɛɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɦɵɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢ ɜɵɫɟɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɝɚɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɨ-ɫɨɥɟɜɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɧɤɭɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 37 ºɋ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 10–6–10–7 ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɝɟɧɨɬɢɩ met+ bio+ thr+ leu+ thi+ (ɪɢɫ. 64).

			met– bio– thr+ leu+ thi+
			met+ bio+ thr – leu– thi–
ɒɬɚɦɦ Ⱥ						ɒɬɚɦɦ ȼ

				Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
				ɝɥɸɤɨɡɨ-
				ɫɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
				Met+ Bio+ Thr+ Leu+ Thi+
	ɝɥɸɤɨɡɨ-			ɉɪɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ
ɫɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
	Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
	ɝɥɸɤɨɡɨ-ɫɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ

Ɋɢɫ. 64. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɭɤɫɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɟɞɟɪɛɟɪɝɨɦ ɢ ɗ. Ɍɚɬɭɦɨɦ

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɭɤɫɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɲɬɚɦɦɨɜ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɟɜɚɥɢ

217