- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •The internal combustion engine
- •Active Vocabulary to Text a
- •Exercises
- •The basic systems of the internal combustion engine
- •I cooling system
- •Active Vocabulary to Text b, I
- •II lubricating system
- •Active Vocabulary to Text b, II
- •Exercises
- •At a service station
- •Engine servicing
- •Active Vocabulary to Text c
- •Exercises
- •At the Service Station
- •Four stroke cycle of the diesel engine
- •The functions of the fuel
- •Electrical systems
- •Checking technical state of a car
- •Test questions
- •Lesson 2 tractors
- •Modern tractors
- •Active Vocabulary to Text а
- •Exercises
- •Constructional features of modern tractors
- •Active Vocabulary to Text в
- •Exercises
- •Diagnostic procedures
- •Active Vocabulary to Text с
- •Exercises
- •Tractor t-40 am
- •Tracklaying tractors
- •Faults and remedies1 of the electrical equipment and relay-regulators
- •Faults and remedies of the starter, gearbox, rear axle and hydraulic system
- •Test questions
- •Lesson 3 cultivation machinery
- •Text a cultivation machinery
- •Active Vocabulary to Text а
- •Exercises
- •Modern plows
- •Active Vocabulary to Text в
- •Exercises
- •Service and maintenance of cultivation machinery
- •Active Vocabulary to Text с
- •Exercises
- •Disk plows
- •Walking tractor
- •Active Vocabulary to Text а
- •Exercises
- •The combine you can rely on
- •Total quality standards
- •Active Vocabulary to Text в
- •Exercises
- •I think; As for me; In my opinion; As far as I understand.
- •Main faults of combine-harvesters
- •Active Vocabulary to Text с
- •Exercises
- •Datavision tv monitor
- •Combines
- •Test questions
- •Additional texts for test translation
- •The horseless carriage
- •Daf diesel
- •Quality standards
- •Finding a fault in a car
- •Instructions for checking the spark plug
- •Some pieces of advice to an auto fan
- •Cultivator bertolini 315
- •Combines for the 21st century
- •Texts for independent work
- •The technology of maintenance
- •Of the machines in the agricultural-industrial complex
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Text 2 the central injection unit removal and installation
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Car of future
- •Transmission
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Text 5 reassembly
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Fuel pump
- •Fuel system
- •Removal and installation of the engine
- •Steering system
- •Air cleaner
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Quadram power engines
- •The electric system
- •Active Vocabulary
- •The lubrication system
- •Why we call it a «diesel» engine
- •Gearing friction gearing
- •Toothed bevel gearing
- •Removable excavating and loading implements
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Tomorrow's farm machinery
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Basic parts of the automobile
- •Active Vocabulary
- •The body structure of the new cars
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Toyota carina - e
- •Characteristics of the automobile Toyota Carina e
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Safety checks
- •Trunk Lid. Move the ornament upward to insert the key.
- •Detachable front seat belt. (Hardtop models). The shoulder belt can be detached from the front seat belt.
- •Important:
- •Warning/indicator/ monitoring light and chime
The internal combustion engine
TEXT A THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS
TEXT B THE BASIC SYSTEMS OF THE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
TEXT C ENGINE SERVICING
GRAMMAR REVISION THE PASSIVE VOICE, PARTICIPLE I,
PARTICIPLE II
TEXT A
THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS
It is known1 that for a long time scientists were looking for ways2 to convert fuel directly into the power. As a result3 they invented the internal combustion engine in which the process of fuel combustion takes place. The fuel burns and provides the power that makes4 an automobile move.
The fuel is stored in a tank connected to the carburetor by a small diameter pipe. The carburetor is a device in which the fuel is mixed with air in the correct proportions. The carburetor is attached to the inlet pipe through5 which the air-fuel mixture moves into the intake valve of the cylinder. The explosive mixture is compressed by the piston, and then it is ignited by the electric spark in the combustion chamber. Heat and gases are produced during the process of combustion. The gases force the piston down6 and escape through the exhaust valve. The piston moves up and down in the cylinder. The extreme7 positions of the piston are called the top dead centre (TDC) and the bottom dead centre (BDC). The piston movement from TDC to BDC and from BDC to TDC is called the piston stroke.
There are two basic mechanisms in the internal combustion engine. The first one is the crank mechanism that takes the pressure of gases in the cylinder during the fuel combustion and changes the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crankshaft. The crank mechanism consists of cylinder block, piston and piston rigs, connecting rod, crankshaft and flywheel and crankcase. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of8 the connecting rod. On the one end of the crankshaft there is a gear that drives the crankshaft of the engine. The function of the camshaft is to open and close the valves of the cylinder. At the opposite end of the crankshaft there is a flywheel that transmits power to the transmission system of the engine.
The crankshaft is carried9 on the main bearings. The crankcase forms the bottom of the cylinder block. It protects its parts and keeps10 the oil.
The other mechanism of the engine is the gas-distributive mechanism. It consists of a camshaft, a gear drive and valves. The main function of this mechanism is to force the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder and to exhaust the gases when the operating cycle is over.
There are 4 basic systems in the internal combustion engine. They are the cooling system, the lubricating system, the fuel system and the electrical system.
NOTES
1it is known – известно
2way – способ
3as a result - в результате
4 to make do something- заставлять что-либо сделать
5through - через
6force down - толкать вниз
7extreme – максимальный
8by means of - с помощью
9 to be carried on - (зд.) опираться на что-либо
10to keep – удерживать
Active Vocabulary to Text a
attach - присоединять |
exhaust - выхлоп, выхлопной |
bearing - подшипник |
fuel - топливо |
bottom - низ |
force - сила |
burn/burnt/- гореть |
force into - нагнетать |
camshaft - распредвал |
force out - выталкивать |
change - изменять |
gear - шестерня |
change into - превращать |
heat - нагревать, тепло |
combustion - сгорание |
ignite - воспламенять |
chamber - камера |
inlet, intake - впуск, впускной |
compress - сжимать |
lubricate - смазывать |
connect - соединять |
move - двигаться |
connecting rod - шатун |
mix - смешивать |
convert - преобразовывать |
operate - работать |
cool - охлаждать |
outlet, outtake - выпускной |
crankcase - картер |
piston - поршень |
crankshaft - коленчатый вал |
power - мощность, энергия |
cylinder - цилиндр |
spark - искра |
device - приспособление |
stroke - такт, ход |
dead centre - мертвая точка |
top - верх |
drive - привод |
valve - клапан |
engine - двигатель |
wear/wore, worn/ - изнашиваться |